User:John Troodon/sandbox/Pterosaurs

Peteinosaurus

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Peteinosaurus
Temporal range: Middle to Upper Norian[1]
 
Fossil
Scientific classification
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Peteinosaurus
Binomial name
Peteinosaurus zambellii
Wild, 1978

Peteinosaurus is a genus of rhamphorynchoid pterosaurs[2]. It was among the earliest known animals of his kind[3]. Its classification isn't easy. It combines features of primitive pterosaurs, such as Rhamphorhynchus, and advanced animals like Anurognathus.

Anurognathus

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Anurognathus
Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 150 Ma
 
A. ammoni
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Anurognathinae

Nopcsa, 1928
Genus:
Anurognathus

Döderlein, 1923
  • A. ammoni Döderlein, 1923 (type)

Anurognathus is a genus of small pterosaurs, that lived approximately 150 million years ago. The species is based on a holotype BSP 1922.I.42[4] from Solnhofen[5].

Paleobiology

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The strangest fact about Anurognathus is that its atil is extremely short, compared to other rhamphorhynchoids. The same anatomic detail is seen in another anurognathid - Batrachognathus[6].

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Anurognathus was featured in the second episode of the British documentary series Walking with Dinosaurs. It was shown having a mutual symbiotic relationship with the dinosaur Diplodocus, eating parasitic insects off its skin. Such a, purely hypothetical, symbiosis would make it similar to the modern day tick bird.

Anurognathus was later featured in the fifth episode of the ITV science fiction television series Primeval. Here, Anurognathus was erroneously portrayed as living in the Late Cretaceous period, 85 million years ago, with behavior akin to a piranha. The producers of the program portrayed Anurognathus as having an amazingly keen sense of smell, able to detect blood from hundreds of feet away. A flock was depicted stripping the flesh from a carcass in a matter of minutes, behavior at odds with anatomical evidence that shows this species to have been insectivorous akin to the modern Frogmouth. These changes were made for dramatic effect.[7]

Dimorphodon

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Dimorphodon
Temporal range: Early Jurassic, 197–195 Ma
[1]
 
Illustration of two D.macronyx
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Dimorphodon

D. macronyx (Buckland, 1829)
D. weintraubi Clark et al., 1998

Dimorphodon was a genus of medium-sized pterosaur from the early Jurassic Period. It was named by paleontologist Richard Owen in 1859. Dimorphodon means "two-form tooth", referring to the fact that it had two distinct types of teeth in its jaws - which is comparatively rare among reptiles.It lived in the Early Jurassic of Europe and was among the earliest pterosaurs.

Discovery

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Dimorphodon model in bipedal pose

The first Dimorphodon remains were found in famous for their fossils Lyme Regis by Mary Anning. Next the specimen wasnstudied by William Buckland, a person who named Megalosaurus, and he described during the meeting of Royal Geological Society[8]. First Buckland thought it is a specimen of Pterodactylus, but next renamed it as "Dimorphodon"[9]

Next, in 1858 Richard Owen found two other dimorphodon specimens, now including skulls. He concluded that a skull of Dimorphodon is much different from those of Pterodactylus and named the animal "Dimorphodon[10].

Phylogeny

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Phylogeny of Rhamphorhynchoidea by Unwin(2003)[11].


|__Dimorphodontidae
  |______Peteinosaurus
     |________Dimorphodon
|__Caelidracones
|__Anurognathidae - Perhaps synonymous with Dimorphodontidae

Pterodactylus

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Pterodactylus
Temporal range: Late Jurassic, 150.8–148.5 Ma
 
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  • Pterodactylus antiquus
Synonyms
Species synonymy
  • Ornithocephalus antiquus
    Sömmering, 1812
  • Ornithocephalus brevirostris
    Sömmering, 1816
  • Pterodactylus longirostris
    Cuvier, 1809
  • Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloidea
    Ritgen, 1826
  • Ornithocephalus kochi
    Wagner, 1837
  • Pterodactylus mayeri
    Muenster, 1842
  • Pterodactylus scolopaciceps
    Meyer, 1850
  • Macrotrachelus longirostris
    (Cuvier, 1809) Giebel, 1852
  • Pterodactylus kochi
    (Wagner, 1837)
  • Pterodactylus spectabilis
    Meyer, 1861
  • Diopecephalus kochi
    (Wagner, 1837) Seeley, 1871
  • Ptenodracon brevirostris
    (Sömmering, 1816) Lydekker, 1888

Pterodactylus("flying finger") is a genus of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from Late Jurassic of Solnhofen, Germany. It was one of the first pterodactyloids[12]. Named by Cuvier[13].

Species of Pterodactylus

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Historical diagram of a juvenile P. antiquus (formerly Ptenodracon brevirostris)
 
Specimen assigned to P. longicollum
 
P. antiquus specimen formerly classified as P. longirostris
 
Holotype fossil of the dubious species P. grandipelvis
 
Specimen formerly assigned to P. spectabilis
Name Author Year Status Notes
Pterodactylus antiquus (von Sömmerring) Rafinesque (1812) 1815 Valid, type species Originally Ptéro-dactyle, Cuvier 1809
Ornithocephalus antiquus von Sömmerring 1812 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Objective junior synonym of P. antiquus
Ornithocephalus brevirostris von Sömmerring 1816-17 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Based on a juvenile specimen
Ptenodracon brevirostris (von Sömmerring) Lydekker (1816-17) 1888 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Reclassified from Pterodactylus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen
Pterodactylus brevirostris (von Sömmerring) Oken (1816-17) 1819 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Name correction from Ornithocephalus brevirostris, based on a juvenile specimen
Pterodactylus longirostris Cuvier 1819 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus

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Macrotrachelus longirostris (Cuvier) Giebel (1819) 1852 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Reclassified from Pterodactylus longirostris
Ornithocephalus longirostris (Cuvier) Ritgen (1819) 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus longirostris
Pterodactylus "suevicus" Oken 1825 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Nomen nudum
Pterodactylus crocodilocephaloides Ritgen 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus spectabilis von Meyer 1861 Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus
Pterodactylus grandis Cuvier 1824 Nomen dubium, possible synonym of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
Pterodactylus longicollum von Meyer 1854 Valid, may belong to a separate genus
Pterodactylus micronyx von Meyer 1852 Possible synonym of Gnathosaurus subulatus
Pterodactylus nettecephaloides Ritgen 1826 Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Ornithocephalus redenbacheri Wagner 1851 Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Pterodactylus redenbacheri (Wagner) Wagner (1851) 1861 Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx Name correction from Ornithocephalus redenbacheri
Pterodactylus pulchellus von Meyer 1861 Synonym of Pterodactylus micronyx
Pterodactylus kochi (Wagner) (1837) Synonym of Pterodactylus antiquus Name correction from Ornithocephalus kochi
Ornithocephalus kochi Wagner 1837 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Diopecephalus kochi (Wagner) Seeley (1837) 1871 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Reclassification of Pterodactylus kochi
Pterodactylus meyeri Muenster 1842 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Ornithocephalus meyeri (Muenster) Wagner (1842) 1851 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Incorrect name correction from Pterodactylus meyeri
Pterodactylus scolopaciceps von Meyer 1850 Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi
Rhamphorhynchus scolopaciceps (von Meyer) (1850) Synonym of Pterodactylus kochi Reclassification of Pterodactylus scolopaciceps
Pterodactylus cerinensis von Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus grandipelvis von Meyer 1860 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus manseli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus pleydelli Owen 1874 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1873 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus arningi Reck 1931 Nomen dubium
Pterodactylus maximus Reck 1931 Nomen dubium

References

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  1. ^ a b Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." In: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. Pg. 67. ISBN 0861015665. Cite error: The named reference "triptersum" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  2. ^ Haines, T., and P. Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006. Pg. 72.
  3. ^ Wellnhofer, P. (1991). "Summary of Triassic Pterosaurs." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs
  4. ^ Döderlein, L. (1923). "Anurognathus Ammoni, ein neuer Flugsaurier". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1923, 306-307.
  5. ^ Bennett, S. C. (2007). "A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni", Paläontologische Zeitschrift,
  6. ^ "Anurognathus." In: Cranfield, Ingrid (ed.). The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books, Ltd. Pp. 292-295.
  7. ^ Milne, Mike. "Primeval sees Framestore CFC's Creatures Leap into the 21st Century".
  8. ^ Buckland, W. (1829). Proceedings of the Geological Society London, 1: 127
  9. ^ Transactions of the Geological Society, London. Ser. 2 (vol. 3), 217-222, and plate 27. Pterodactylus macronyx was later re-named Dimorphodon macronyx.W. Buckland
  10. ^ Osteology and functional morphology of Dimorphodon macronyx (Buckland)(Pterosauria: Rhamphorhynchoidea) based on new material in the Yale, K. Padian
  11. ^ Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.
  12. ^ Unwin, D. M., (2003). "On the phylogeny and evolutionary history of pterosaurs
  13. ^ Cuvier, G. (1812). Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles. I ed. p. 24, tab. 31