Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Rudolf VI
8 June 1868

2 September 1900
21 August 1858
Laxenburg
Son of Franz Joseph I and Elisabeth of Austria
Stéphanie of Belgium
10 May 1881
Augustinian Church
three children
2 September 1900
Hofburg
Aged 42
Son of Francis Joseph I
(primogeniture)
Francis III
(Franz III)
2 September 1900

16 March 1963
2 September 1883
Franzensburg
Son of Rudolf VI and Stéphanie of Belgium
Infanta Maria of Portugal
23 January 1902
Hofburg
four children
16 March 1963
Schönbrunn Palace
Aged 79
Son of Rudolf VI
(primogeniture)
Francis Joseph II
(Franz Joseph II)
16 March 1963

May 29, 2005
4 April, 1909
Schönbrunn Palace
Son of Francis III and Infanta Maria of Portugal
May 29, 2005
Schönbrunn Palace
Aged 96
Son of Francis III
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Leopold III
8 June 1868

8 June 1905
22 September 1835
Krauchenwies
Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Princess Josephine of Baden
Infanta Antónia of Portugal
12 September 1861
three sons
8 June 1905
Prague Castle
Aged 69
Chosen by Bohemian Diet
William I
(Wilhelm I
Vilém I)

8 June 1868

8 June 1905
7 March 1864
Schloss Benrath
Son of Leopold III and Infanta Antónia of Portugal
Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
27 June 1889
St. Vitus Cathedral
four children
22 October 1930
Prague Castle
Aged 66
Son of Leopold III
(primogeniture)
Frederick II
(Friedrich II
Fridrich II)

22 October 1930

6 February 1965
30 August 1891
Prague Castle
Son of William I and Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
6 February 1965 Son of William I
(primogeniture)
Frederick William I
(Friedrich Wilhelm I
Fridrich Vilém I)

6 February 1965

September 16, 2010
February 3, 1924
Prague Castle
Son of Frederick II and [[]]
September 16, 2010 Son of Frederick II
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Leopold II
(Léopold II)
17 December 1865

17 December 1909
9 April 1835
Brussels
Son of Leopold I and Louise of Orléans
Marie Henriette of Austria
Brussels
22 August 1853
three children
17 December 1909
Laeken
Aged 74
Son of Leopold I
(primogeniture)
Leopold III
(Léopold III)
17 December 1909

2 January 1931
12 June 1859
Castle of Laeken
Son of Leopold II and Marie Henriette of Austria
Archduchess Gisela of Austria
Augustinian Church
20 April 1874
five children
2 January 1931
Laeken
Aged 71
Son of Leopold II
(primogeniture)
Leopold IV
(Léopold IV)
2 January 1931

1 August 1948
15 May 1879
Castle of Laeken
Son of Leopold III and Archduchess Gisela of Austria
1 August 1948
Laeken
Aged 69
Son of Leopold III
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Alexander
29 April 1879

23 October 1908
5 April 1857
Verona
Son of Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine and Julia, Princess of Battenberg
Princess Viktoria of Prussia
11 March 1882
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
three children
23 October 1908
Battenberg Palace
Aged
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Edward VII
22 January 1901

6 May 1910
9 November 1841
Buckingham Palace
Son of Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Queen Victoria
Alexandra of Denmark
10 March 1863
St George's Chapel
6 children
6 May 1910
Buckingham Palace
Aged 68
Son of Victoria
(primogeniture)
Edward VIII
6 May 1910

13 September 1935
8 January 1864
Frogmore House
Son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark
Mary of Teck
St James's Palace
27 February 1892
six children
13 September 1935
Buckingham Palace
Aged 71
Son of Edward VII
(primogeniture)
George V
13 September 1935

28 May 1972
23 June 1893
Frogmore House
Son of Edward VIII and Mary of Teck
28 May 1972
Buckingham Palace
Aged 79
Son of Edward VIII
(primogeniture)
Edward IX
28 May 1972

6 September 1977
21 April 1913
Sandringham House
Son of George V and [[]]
28 May 1972
Windsor Castle
Aged 59
Son of George V
(primogeniture)
Henry IX
6 September 1977

Present
14 November 1944
Buckingham Palace
Son of Edward IX and [[]]
Living Son of Edward IX
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
William III
(Willem III)
17 March 1849

27 October 1887
19 February 1817
Palace of the Nation
Son of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia
Sophie of Württemberg
18 June 1839
Stuttgart
three sons
27 October 1887
Het Loo Palace
Aged 70
Son of William II
(primogeniture)
Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont
7 January 1879
Arolsen
no children
Sophie
27 October 1887

23 March 1897
8 April 1824
Lange Voorhout Palace
Daughter of William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia
Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
8 October 1842
The Hague
four children
23 March 1897
Royal Palace of Amsterdam
Aged 72
Daughter of William II
(primogeniture)
Charles Augustus
(Karel August)
23 March 1897

20 November 1904
31 July 1844
Weimar
Son of Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Queen Sophie
Princess Marie of the Netherlands
18 July 1871
The Hague
three children
20 November 1904
Royal Palace of Amsterdam
Aged 60
Son of Queen Sophie
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Philippe VII
21 May 1871

11 October 1901
24 August 1838
Tuileries Palace
Son of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans and Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Marie Isabelle of Orléans
St Raphael's Church
30 May 1864
six children
20 November 1901
Palace of Fontainebleau
Aged 63
Grandson of Louis Philippe I
(primogeniture)
Philippe VIII
11 October 1901

28 March 1931
6 February 1869
Tuileries Palace
Son of Philippe VII and Marie Isabelle of Orléans
Maria of Spain
Notre-Dame
2 November 1890
three children
28 March 1931
Algiers
Aged 62
Son of Philippe VII
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Wilhelm II
15 June 1888

4 June 1941
27 January 1859
Kronprinzenpalais
Son of Frederick III and Victoria, Princess Royal
Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
Berlin
27 February 1881
seven children
4 June 1941
Berlin
Aged 82
Son of Frederick III
(primogeniture)
Wilhelm III
4 June 1941

20 July 1961
6 May 1882
Marmorpalais
Son of Wilhelm II and Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Berlin
6 June 1905
seven children
20 July 1961
Berlin
Aged 79
Son of Wilhelm II
(primogeniture)
Wilhelm IV
20 July 1961

26 May 1993
4 July 1906
Marmorpalais
Son of Wilhelm III and Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
26 May 1993
Königsberg
Aged 86
Son of Wilhelm III
(primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
George V
(Georg V)
18 November 1851

12 June 1878)
27 May 1819
Berlin
Son of Ernest Augustus I and Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
18 February 1843
Hanover
three children
12 June 1878
Herrenhausen Gardens
Aged 659
Son of Ernest Augustus I (primogeniture)
Ernest Augustus II
(Ernst August II)
12 June 1878)

14 November 1923
21 September 1845
Hanover
Son of George V and Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
[[]]

[[]]
children
14 November 1923
Hanover
Aged 78
Son of George V (primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
August
(Ágost)
28 November 1868

26 July 1881
13 June 1818
Vienna
Son of Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Maria Antonia Koháry de Csábrág
Princess Clémentine of Orléans
20 April 1843
Château de Saint-Cloud
five children
26 July 1881
Royal Palace
Aged 63
Chosen by Diet of Hungary
Ferdinand VI
(Ferdinánd VI)
26 July 1881

3 July 1921
28 March 1844
Tuileries Palace
Son of August and Princess Clémentine of Orléans
Princess Louise of Belgium
4 May 1875
St. Stephen's Basilica
two children
3 July 1921
Royal Palace
Aged 77
Son of August (primogeniture)
Leopold III
(Lipót III)
3 July 1921

30 December 1943
19 July 1878
Svätý Anton
Son of Ferdinand VI and Princess Louise of Belgium
30 December 1943
Royal Palace
Aged 65
Son of Ferdinand VI (primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Umberto I
9 January 1878

17 November 1878
14 March 1844
Turin
Son of Victor Emmanuel II and Adelaide of Austria
Mathilda of Austria
21 April 1868
Turin
two children
17 November 1878
Naples
Aged 34
Son of Victor Emmanuel II (primogeniture)
Victor Emmanuel III
(Vittorio Emanuele III)
17 November 1878

28 December 1947
11 November 1869
Naples
Son of Umberto I and Mathilda of Austria
Elena of Montenegro
24 October 1896
Italy
five children
28 December 1947
Quirinal Palace
Aged 78
Son of Umberto I (primogeniture)
Umberto II
28 December 1947

18 March 1983
15 September 1904
Castle of Racconigi
Son of Victor Emmanuel III and Elena of Montenegro
18 March 1983
Royal Villa of Monza
Aged 78
Son of Victor Emmanuel III (primogeniture)
Victor Emmanuel IV
(Vittorio Emanuele IV)
18 March 1983

Present
12 February 1937
Naples
Son of Umberto II and [[]]
Living Son of Umberto II (primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Charles I
(Carol I)
15 March 1881

10 October 1914
20 April 1839
Sigmaringen
Son of Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern and Josephine of Baden
Elisabeth of Wied
15 November 1869
Neuwied
four children
10 October 1914
Sinaia
Aged 75
Elected Sovereign Prince by Romanian parliament
Charles II
(Carol II)
10 October 1914

8 September 1870
Bucharest
Son of Charles I and Elisabeth of Wied
[[]]

[[]]
2 June 1932
Peleș Castle
Aged 61
Son of Charles I (primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Alexander II
(Aleksandr II)
2 March 1855

13 March 1891
29 April 1818
Moscow Kremlin
Son of Nicholas I and Charlotte of Prussia
Marie of Hesse
16 April 1841
St. Petersburg
eight children
13 March 1891
Sinaia
Aged 72
Son of Nicholas I (primogeniture)
Vladimir IV
13 March 1891

17 February 1909
22 April 1847
Winter Palace
Son of Alexander II and Marie of Hesse
Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
28 August 1874
[[]]
five children
17 February 1909
Vladimir Palace
Aged 61
Son of Alexander II (primogeniture)
Name
Reign
Birth Marriage(s)
Issue
Death Claim
Amadeo I
16 November 1870

18 January 1900
30 May 1845
Royal Palace of Turin
Son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Adelaide of Austria
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo
Turin
30 May 1867
six children
18 January 1900
Royal Palace of Madrid
Aged 54
Elected by Cortes Generales;
Great-great-grandson of Charles III
Emanuele Filiberto I
(Manuel Filiberto I)
18 January 1900

4 July 1931
13 January 1869
Genoa
Son of Amadeo I and Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo
Hélène of Orléans
Madrid
25 June 1895
three children
4 July 1931
Royal Palace of Madrid
Aged 62
Son of Amadeo I
(primogeniture)

1900

edit
State Capital Ruler
Kingdoms (Königreiche)
  Prussia (Preußen) Berlin Wilhelm II
  Bavaria (Bayern) Munich Luitpold I
  Bohemia (Böhmen) Prague Ferdinand VI
  Hanover (Hannover) Hanover Ernst August IIa
  Württemberg Stuttgart Wilhelm II
Archduchies (Erzherzogtümer)
  Austria (Österreich) Vienna Franz III
Grand Duchies (Großherzogtümer)
  Baden Karlsruhe Friedrich II
  Hesse (Hessen) Darmstadt Ernst Ludwig
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin Schwerin Friedrich Franz IV
  Mecklenburg-Strelitz Neustrelitz Adolphus Frederick V
  Oldenburg Oldenburg Friedrich August II
  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) Weimar Wilhelm I
Duchies (Herzogtümer)
  Anhalt Dessau Leopold V
  Brunswick (Braunschweig) Braunschweig Ernst August Ia
  Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg) Altenburg Ernst II
  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) Coburg Alfred II
  Saxe-Meiningen (Sachsen-Meiningen) Meiningen Georg II
Principalities (Fürstentümer)
  Liechtenstein Vaduz Johann II
  Lippe Detmold Leopold IV
  Reuss-Gera (Junior Line) Gera Heinrich XIV
  Reuss-Greiz (Elder Line) Greiz Heinrich XXIV
  Schaumburg-Lippe Bückeburg Adolf II
  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Günther Victorb
  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Sondershausen Günther Victorb
  Waldeck and Pyrmont (Waldeck und Pyrmont) Arolsen Friedrich
Free and Hanseatic Cities (Freie und Hansestädte)
  Bremen
  Hamburg
  Lübeck
Imperial Territories (Reichsländer)
  Alsace-Lorraine (Elsass-Lothringen) Straßburg

^ Ernst August II inherited the Duchy of Brunswick in 18 October 1884 after the death of Duke Wilhelm VIII
^ Günther Victor inherited the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 28 March 1909 after the death of Prince Karl Günther

1910

edit
State Capital Ruler
Kingdoms (Königreiche)
  Prussia (Preußen) Berlin Wilhelm II
  Bavaria (Bayern) Munich Luitpold I
  Bohemia (Böhmen) Prague Friedrich II
  Hanover (Hannover) Hanover Ernst August IIa
  Württemberg Stuttgart Wilhelm II
Archduchies (Erzherzogtümer)
  Austria (Österreich) Vienna Franz III
Grand Duchies (Großherzogtümer)
  Alsace (Elsaß) Strasbourg Friedrich August
  Baden Karlsruhe Friedrich II
  Hesse (Hessen) Darmstadt Ernst Ludwig
  Luxembourg (Luxemburg) Luxembourg Wilhelm IV
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin Schwerin Friedrich Franz IV
  Mecklenburg-Strelitz Neustrelitz Adolphus Frederick V
  Oldenburg Oldenburg Friedrich August II
  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) Weimar Wilhelm I
Duchies (Herzogtümer)
  Anhalt Dessau Leopold V
  Brunswick (Braunschweig) Braunschweig Ernst August Ia
  Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg) Altenburg Ernst II
  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) Coburg Alfred II
  Saxe-Meiningen (Sachsen-Meiningen) Meiningen Georg II
Principalities (Fürstentümer)
  Liechtenstein Vaduz Johann II
  Lippe Detmold Leopold IV
  Reuss-Gera (Junior Line) Gera Heinrich XIV
  Reuss-Greiz (Elder Line) Greiz Heinrich XXIV
  Schaumburg-Lippe Bückeburg Adolf II
  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Günther Victorb
  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Sondershausen Günther Victorb
  Waldeck and Pyrmont (Waldeck und Pyrmont) Arolsen Friedrich
Free and Hanseatic Cities (Freie und Hansestädte)
  Bremen
  Hamburg
  Lübeck
Imperial Territories (Reichsländer)
  Lorraine (Lothringen) Metz

1930

edit
State Capital Ruler
Kingdoms (Königreiche)
  Prussia (Preußen) Berlin Wilhelm II
  Bavaria (Bayern) Munich Rupprecht
  Bohemia (Böhmen) Prague Friedrich II
  Hanover (Hannover) Hanover Georg Wilhelma
  Württemberg Stuttgart Ulrich
Archduchies (Erzherzogtümer)
  Austria (Österreich) Vienna Franz III
Grand Duchies (Großherzogtümer)
  Alsace (Elsaß) Strasbourg Friedrich August
  Baden Karlsruhe Maximilian
  Hesse (Hessen) Darmstadt Ernst Ludwig
  Luxembourg (Luxemburg) Luxembourg Wilhelm IV*********
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin Schwerin Friedrich Franz IV
  Mecklenburg-Strelitz Neustrelitz Adolphus Frederick V
  Oldenburg Oldenburg Friedrich August II
  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach) Weimar Wilhelm I
Duchies (Herzogtümer)
  Anhalt Dessau Leopold V
  Brunswick (Braunschweig) Braunschweig Ernst August Ia
  Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg) Altenburg Ernst II
  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) Coburg Alfred II
  Saxe-Meiningen (Sachsen-Meiningen) Meiningen Georg II
Principalities (Fürstentümer)
  Liechtenstein Vaduz Franz I
  Lippe Detmold Leopold IV
  Reuss-Gera (Junior Line) Gera Heinrich XIV
  Reuss-Greiz (Elder Line) Greiz Heinrich XXIV
  Schaumburg-Lippe Bückeburg Adolf II
  Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Rudolstadt Günther Victorb
  Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Sondershausen Günther Victorb
  Waldeck and Pyrmont (Waldeck und Pyrmont) Arolsen Friedrich
Free and Hanseatic Cities (Freie und Hansestädte)
  Bremen
  Hamburg
  Lübeck
Imperial Territories (Reichsländer)
  Lorraine (Lothringen) Metz

List of Wars (1860-1899)

edit
Start Finish Name of conflict Belligerents
Victorious party (if applicable) Defeated party (if applicable)
1861 1867 American Civil War   Confederate States of America

  United Kingdom

  United States of America
1861 1867 French intervention in Mexico
Also known as Franco-Mexican War
  United Mexican States   Second French Empire
  Second Mexican Empire
  Austrian Empire (German and Hungarian volunteers)
  Belgian Foreign Legion
  Egyptian Sudanese
Supported by :
  Kingdom of Spain (retired in 1862)
  United Kingdom (retired in 1862)
1866 1866 Austro-Prussian War
Seven Weeks War
German Civil War
  Kingdom of Prussia

  Kingdom of Italy
  Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  Oldenburg
  County of Anhalt
  Duchy of Brunswick
  Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg
  Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
  County of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  Principality of Lippe
  Bremen
  Hamburg
  Lübeck

  Austrian Empire

  Kingdom of Saxony
  Kingdom of Bavaria
  Grand Duchy of Baden
  Kingdom of Württemberg
  Kingdom of Hanover
  Grand Duchy of Hesse
  Hesse-Kassel
  Principality of Reuss Elder Line
  Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
  County of Schaumburg-Lippe
  Nassau

1866 1866 Third Italian War of Independence
Part of the Austro-Prussian War
  Kingdom of Italy   Austrian Empire
1866 1869 First Balkan War   Cretan State

  Kingdom of Greece (from 1867)
  Principality of Serbia (from 1867)
  Kingdom of Romania (from 1867)
  Principality of Montenegro (from 1867)
  Bulgarian Legion (from 1867)

  Ottoman Empire
1867 1869 Franco-Prussian War
War of German Unification
  North German Confederation

  Kingdom of Bavaria
  Baden
  Kingdom of Württemberg
  Russian Empire
  Kingdom of Italy
  Hungarian rebels

  Second French Empire

  Austria-Hungary
  Papal States
  Liechtenstein

1867 1869 Fourth Italian War of Independence
Part of the Franco-Prussian War
  Kingdom of Italy   Second French Empire

  Austria-Hungary
  Papal States

1867 1869 Austro-Hungarian Civil War
Part of the Franco-Prussian War
  North German Confederation

  Russian Empire
  Kingdom of Italy
  German nationalists
  Hungarian rebels

  Austria-Hungary

  Czech rebels
  Croatian rebels
  Romanian rebels

1876 1878 Russo-Turkish War (1876–1878)
Second Balkan War
  Russian Empire

  Kingdom of Serbia
  Kingdom of Greece
  Kingdom of Romania
  Principality of Montenegro
  Bulgarian Legion

  Ottoman Empire
1898 1899 Third Balkan War   Kingdom of Serbia

  Kingdom of Greece
  Kingdom of Romania
  Principality of Montenegro
  Kingdom of Bulgaria

  Ottoman Empire
1899 1901 Great European War   German Empire

  Russian Empire
  Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Bulgaria
  Kingdom of Serbia
  Kingdom of Greece
  Principality of Montenegro
  Orange Free State
  South African Republic

  British Empire

  Orléanist France (until 11 October 1901)
  Kingdom of Belgium
  Ottoman Empire
  Kingdom of Romania

  Empire of Japan

  Revolutionary France (from 11 October 1901)

1901 1903 French Civil War   Revolutionary France
  Brittany
  Kingdom of Siam
  French Third Republic

  Orléanist France
Supported:
  United Kingdom
  Kingdom of Italy
  Kingdom of Spain

  German Empire

  Orléanist Algeria

Aftermath and consequences

edit

For the defeated parties

edit

In addition to war reparations, the following territorial changes took place:

  • Austria: Surrendered the province of Venetia and some Dalmatian islands to Italy. Austria then lost all official influence over member states of the former German Confederation. Austria’s defeat was a telling blow to Habsburg rule; the Empire was briefly transformed via the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in the following year, though this would rapidly disintegrate.
  • Schleswig and Holstein: Became the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein.
  • Saxony: Annexed by Prussia, became the Province of Saxony.
  • Hesse-Darmstadt: Surrendered to Prussia the small territory it had acquired earlier in 1866 on the extinction of the ruling house of Hesse-Homburg. The northern half of the remaining land joined the North German Confederation.
  • Nassau, Hesse-Kassel, Frankfurt: Annexed by Prussia. Combined with the territory surrendered by Hesse-Darmstadt to form the new Province of Hesse-Nassau.
  • Hanover, Saxe-Meiningen, Reuss-Greiz, Schaumburg-Lippe: Spared from annexation but joined the North German Confederation in the following year.
Great European War
Date28 July 1899 – 11 November 1901 (1899-07-28 – 1901-11-11)
(2 years, 3 months and 2 weeks)
Location
Result

Eastern Powers victory

Belligerents
Eastern Powers: Entente Powers:   Revolutionary France (1900–1901)
Commanders and leaders