User:Davshul/Draft of article on List of Massacres, Pogroms and Murderous Attacks on Jews
This container category may also contain a number of pages where it is currently not possible to accurately categorize them among the subcategories. |
Part of a series on |
Jews and Judaism |
---|
This is a list of massacres (or atrocities resulting in fatalities) committed against Jews or the Jewish state since antiquity until the present time.
Introduction
editIn a number of instances (most notably the Crusader period, the Russian pogroms, the Palestine Mandate period, the Israel-Arab conflict and, above all, the Holocaust), it would be impossible to list here, or even attempt to list here, each individual atrocity. Accordingly, in such instances, this list includes (or is intended to include) a summary or overview of such events and a sample of the most significant incidents, and dedicated articles on the subject include (or are intended to include) an expanded list of the relevant incidents.
This is a list specifically where the victims of the attacks are Jews or the Jewish state. Whilst in certain instances (primarily, the Roman Wars and the Arab-Israel conflict), a number of the listed incidences took place within the context of conflict situation in which there were instances of fatalities inflicted on the other party to the conflict, such fatalities are outside the ambit of this article.
This article is a list and accordingly the description of each incident should not be a detailed discussion on the subject, but merely a brief account of what transpired, with expanded details and discussion, with further references, appearing in articles dedicate to the subject.
Pre-Roman period (to 64 BCE)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
167 BCE | Judea (then part of the Seleucid Empire) | Jerusalem | [1] | c.40,000Syrian Greek soldiers | King Antiochus IV Epiphanes returning from the failure of his Egyptian campaign and believing Judea to be in revolt, he ordered his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they met and to slay those who took refuge in their houses. In the space of three days, eighty thousand were lost in Jerusalem, forty thousand meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery. [2] |
Roman period (63 BCE - 325 CE)
editEarly Roman period (63 BCE - 65 CE)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
63 BCE | Kingdom of Judea | Temple Mount, Jerusalem | [3] | 12,000Roman troops commanded by Pompey | Massacre following Second Siege of Jerusalem
In the Hasmonean civil war in Judea between King Aristobulus II and his brother, the former King Hyrcanus II, the latter was supported by the Roman general, Pompey. After a two month siege of the Temple Mount, the Romans broke through and perpetrated a massacre of the defending Jews, resulting in the death of 12,000.[4] |
49 BCE | Judea (under Roman control) | Mount Tabor, Galilee | 10,000 | Roman troops commanded by Gabinius | Following an unsuccessful attempt to regain Jewish independence, the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II, were defeated in battle at Mount Tabor, and more some 10,0000 were slaughtered by the Romans.[4] |
37 BCE | Judea (under Roman control) | Jerusalem | thousands | Roman troops Under the command of Herod | In the calmination of his bloody war to wrest the throne of Judea from Antigonus, Herod (an Idumean), backed and assisted by two Rome legions, captured Jerusalem, after a five-month siege. The Roman soldiers ran amock and slayed thousands of the Jewish inhabitants of the city. [5] |
4 BCE | Judea (under Roman control) | Jerusalem | about 40 | King Herod | Young Jewish Zealots attempted to remove and destroy the golden eagle, a symbol of the Roman Empire, placed by King Herod over the main entrance of the Temple. Herod arrested them and had them sntenced to be burnt alive. [6] |
4 BCE | Judea (under Roman control) | Jerusalem | about 3,000 | troops of Herod Archelaus | Fearing a revolt following his proclamation as King of Judea, Archelaus, the son of Herod the Great, ordered his soldiers to attack crowds celebrating the Passover rites, killing 3,000. [6] He is also reputed, seven weeks later at the festival of Shavuot (Festival of Weeks), to have again ordered his soldiers to massacred thousands more, also in the Temple grounds.[4] |
First Jewish-Roman War (66-73) and its aftermath (to 114)
editSummary
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
66 to 73 | Roman Empire | principally Province of Judea | About 1,200,000 | the Roman army | The war, also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, ended with the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem, the total subjugation of Judea and the enslavement or massacre of a large part of the Jewish population. |
Principal Events
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
66 | Roman Empire | Caesarea, | Many deaths | Greco-Roman population | Many Jews are killed in riots, provoked by the non-Jewish population of Caesarea, backed by Gessius Florus, procurator of Judaea.[7]
These riots precipitated the outbreak of the First Jewish-Roman War. |
66 | Roman Empire | Jerusalem,
Province of Judea |
3,600 | Roman troops | Gessius Florus, procurator of Judaea, orders out his troops against the Jews, killing 3,600 and crucified their leaders, after some young Jews mocked him at a public appearance.[8] The Jews resisted, launched a counterattack which marked the beginning of the Great Revolt, otherwise known as the First Jewish-Roman War. |
66 and 67 | Roman Empire | widespread | thousands | Roman troops and rioting citizens | Thousands of Jews slaughtered in bloody riots that erupted throughout the empire, in particular in Caesarea, Alexandria and Damascus, in response to initial Jewish succeses in the war.[7] |
67 | Roman Empire | Jotapata, Galilee,
Province of Judea |
[9] | up to 40,000Roman troops | Siege of Jotapata. The fortified settlement of Jotapata falls to Roman troops commanded by Vespasian, after a 47 day siege. 40,000 inhabitants were slaughtered. |
67 | Roman Empire | Gamla, Golan,
Province of Judea |
[10] | up to 9,000Roman troops | Fall of Gamla. The fortress of Gamla, the then capital of Jewish Golan, falls to Roman troops, 4,000 inhabitants were slaughtered and some 5,000 either committed suicide or fell to their death or were trampled while trying to escape. |
70 | Roman Empire | Jerusalem,
Province of Judea |
[11] | 60,000 to 1,100,000Roman troops | Jerusalem falls to the siege by Roman troops led by Titus. The Temple is destroyed and the inhabitants of the city are massacred or taken into slavery. |
73 | Roman Empire | Masada Fortress, Judean Desert,
Province of Judea |
953 | Roman troops | Fall of Masada. The fortress of Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish resistance, falls to Roman troops, only for them to discover that all but 7 of the inhabitants had chosen to die at their own hands rather than surrender. |
Second and Third Jewish-Roman Wars (115 - 135)
editKitos War 115 - 117
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
115-117 | Roman Empire | Cyrenaica, Egypt and Cyprus | hundreds of thousands | Roman troops of Emperor Trajan | Following a Jewish revolt, which began in Cyrenaica (in present-day Libya), in which many Greeks and Romans were killed by Jews, the Roman troops, led by Lusius Quietus, ruthlessly suppress the revolt, totally destroying the Jewish communities in Cyrenaica, devastating the Egyptian Jewish community (in particular in Alexandria) and slaughtering or expelling the entire Jewish community on Cyprus.[12] |
115-117 | Roman Empire | Mesopotamia and Syria | thousands | Roman troops of Emperor Trajan | In order to suppress a revolt by that had broken out in Mesopotania and northern Syria, Trajan's troops massacred thousand of Jews and devastated whole communities, in particular Antioch, Edessa, Nisibis (all now in present day Turkey), and Seleucia.[12] |
Bar Kokhba revolt 132 - 135
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
132-135 | Judea (briefly independent) | whole of Judea | [13] | 580,000Roman troops of Emperor Hadrian | A Jewish revolt, led by Simon bar Kokhba, succeeded in re-establishing Jewish independence for some 30 months. It was finaly overcome by Roman forces, the fortress city of Beitar being the last to fall. In all, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages were razed.[13] Jerusalem was rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina and Jews were forbidden from entering it. The province of Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina (the first used of the name Palestine to designate Judea), and the vast majority of its Jewish inhabitants were either killed, exiled or sold into slavery. The centre of Jewish life moved from Judea to Babylonia. |
Late Roman period (136 - 325)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
259 | Babylonia under temporary Palmyra occupation | Nahardea | unknown | Army of Septimus Odaenathus | Septimus Odaenathus, the Romanized ruler of the Arab kingdom of Palmyra, sacks the city of Nehardea and its great yeshiva. The Jewish community of the city and the yeshiva never recover.[14] |
Early Christian and Muslim period (325 - 1095)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
351-352 | Roman province of Syria Palaestina | Primarily the Galilee | unknown | Roman troops | The severely oppressed Jewish community in Palestine rose in revolt, which was brutally suppressed by Constantius Gallus, the Roman emperor of the east.[14] |
627 March | Arabia | Yathrib (Medina) | 600-700 | troops of Muhammad | The Banu Qurayza (also referred to as the Kuraiza), a Jewish tribe who inhabited Yathrib (now Medina), surrendered to Muhammad after a 25 day seige. All men of the tribe were slaughtered in the market place and the women and children sold into slavery.[15] |
628 | Byzantine Empire | Palestine | [14] | hundredsByzantine troops of emperor Heraclius | Having promised the Jews freedom from persecution in return for their support against the Persian Sassanid Empire, Heraclius reneged on his promise and instigated a persecution of the Jews throughout Palestine, and massacred all who failed to convert, conceal themselves in the mountains or escape to Egypt.[16] |
1066 December 30 | Taifa (Kingdom) of Granada | City of Granada | [17] | c.4,000an Arab mob | A Muslim mob crucified Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and killed most of the Jewish population of the city.[17] |
Crusader period and aftermath (1095 - 1351)
editFirst Crusade (1095 - 1099)
editSummary
editDate | Region | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1095 to 1099 | Northern and Central Europe, Near East and Levant | principally, Rhineland, Danube basin and Jerusalem | Many thousands | Christian crusaders together with French and German mobs |
Principal Events
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1096 | Germany | Rhineland | Many thousands | French and German crusader mobs | The Rhineland Massacres.
The major massacres started with the city of Speyer on May 3, with hundreds murdered. The mob of crusaders then moved to Worms, killing at least 800[18] on May 18, and, on May 25 through May 29, they attacked the largest Jewish community in Germany, in the city of Mainz, where they carried out a blood bath, savagely mudering thousands of Jewish men, women and children. The attacks then continued in other Rhineland cities, including Cologne, Trier and Metz. [19] |
1096 - 1097 | Germany and Bohemia | Bavaria and Bohemia | Many thousands | Crusaders | The Crusader Massacres in Bavaria and Bohemia.
Taking the route through Bohemia or Bavaria and along the Danube to Southeast Europe, the crusaders inflicted wholesale massacre of the Jewish communities of Prague, Wesseli and other cities in Bohemia, when the Jews resisted forcible conversions. In Regensburg in Bavaria, the Jews were herded into the Danube for forcible conversion, the Crusaders killing any who resisted.[19] |
1099, July 7 to July 15 | Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, captured from the Fatimid Caliphate | Jerusalem | [19] | Between 50 and 300.Crusaders | Franks burned it over their heads", killing everyone inside..[20] | Following the seige and capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, the majority of the Jewish inhabitants were massacred along with tens of thousand of Muslims. The Jewish defenders sought refuge in their synagogue, but the "
Later Crusader period and aftermath 1100 - 1351
editSecond Crusade
editDate | Region | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1147 to 1149 | Germany | principally, the Rhineland, | not known | Crusader mobs | Although there was relatively little loss of Jewish life during this crusade, sporadic pogroms against the Jews did take place, especially in Germany. Furthermore the hatred and violence unleashed against the Jews set the tone for Christian anti-Semitism in Europe for the for the rest of the Middle Ages. [19] |
Later massacres
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1171 May 26 | France | Blois | Between 31 and 40 | French mob | The Blois Blood Libel
Members of the Jewish community of Blois were burnt to death as a result of a totally unfounded accusation that they had participated in the ritual murder (the Blood libel) of a Christian child.[21] |
1190 March 16 | England | Clifford's Tower, York | Between 150 and 500 | English mob, led by Richard Malebisse | The York Massacre
English mob laid seige to Clifford's Tower where the Jews of York, led by Josce of York (Joseph), had sought sanctuary. The majority took their own lives (including the learned Rabbi Yomtob of Joingny) rather give themselves up to the mob. Those who did surrender were killed despite being promised clemency. Estimates of the number who died vary from 150 to 500. |
Post-Crusader pogroms in Germany
editSummary
editDate | Region | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1290 to 1351 | Germany, Austria and Bohemia | widespread | 100,000 | Christian mobs | Riots and pogroms throughout Germany, Austria and Bohemia at the end of the thirteenth century destroyed hundreds of Jewish communities and caused the death of up to 100,000 Jews. Later, as a result of accusation that the Jews were the cause of the Black Death, waves of pogroms again swept throughout central Europe from 1348 to 1351 and tens of thousands of Jews perished, leaving the Rhine Valley and Bavaria almost empty of any Jewish population.[22] |
Principal Events
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1298 to 1299 | Germany | Bavaria | tens of thousands | Christian mobs | The entire Jewish population of Bavaria was faced with extermination, only the communities of Regensberg and Augsberg were saved. [22] |
Late Middle Ages (1350 - 1600)
editFrom 1350 to 1492
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1355 May 7 | Castile (Spain) | Toledo | 12,000 | Forces of Henry III of Castile | Henry III, at the head of a rapacious mob, invaded the Alcana, a part of the Juderia of Toledo, plundered the warehouses and murdered about 12,000 Jews, without distinction of age or sex. |
1391 | Castile and | throughout Spain | 50,000 | Spanish mob | On June 6, 1391, a frenzied mob, exacerated by the anti-Jewish sermons of archdeacon Ferrad Martinez, broke into the Jewish quarter of Seville and massacred thousands of its inhabitants. The carnage spread throughout the Iberian peninsula, including Córdoba, Valencia[23], Barcelona[23] and Toledo, destroying over seventy communities.[24] [25] One of the consequences of these attacks was the mass forced conversion of many of Spain's Jews over the subsequent years. |
1400 August 22 | Bohemia | Prague | 80 | Church authorities | In 1399, Rabbi Yom-Tov Lipmann-Muhlhausen, chief rabbinic judge in Prague, and many other Jews were thrown into prison at the instigation of a converted Jew named Peter, who accused them of insulting Christianity in their works. Although Lipmann brilliantly refuted the accusations, as a result of the charges 77 Jews were executed on August 22, 1400, and three more, by fire, on September 11, 1400. Of the accused, only Lipmann escaped death. [22] |
1412 | Castile and | throughout Spain | thousands | Spanish mobs | Terrible pogroms throughout the country, leaving Jewish Spain in shambles.[24] |
1474 - 1492 | Castile | throughout Castile | unknown | Spanish mobs | Serious and continuous riots against Jews and converts from Judaism occured throughout the country.[24] |
Inquisition (from c.1482)
editSpanish Inquisition
editSummary
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1482 | FromSpain | Spain and its American possessions | thousands | The Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church | In 1492, a decree of expulsion was issued against the Jews and other non-Catholics in Spain. Many Jews chose baptism as an alternative to leaving their Spanish homeland and these, together with many thousands of other Jews who had chosen a lukewarm convertion in response to earlier Spanish pogroms, created a significant section of the Spanish population. The Spanish Inquisition only had jurisdiction over those who had been baptised and proceeded to root out, torture and kill those who still retained (or allegedly still retained) an attachment to Judaism. |
Portugues Inquisition
editSummary
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1497 | FromPortugal | Throughout Portugal and its Empire | thousands | The Portuguese authorities and the Catholic Church | Although not formally established until 1535, the Portuguese Inquistion effectively commenced in 1497, when the Jews were initially ordered to be expelled. However, before the deadline expired, a procalmation was made preventing the Jews from leaving and required all Jews to convert to Catholicism, thousands being forcibly baptised. Those who refused met their death. The Inquistion, as with the Spanish Inquisition, was directed against the converts (known as New Christians), rooting out, torturing and killing those who still retained (or allegedly still retained) an attachment to Judaismm many . There were also periodic pogroms against the New Christain population. |
Early modern period (1600 - 1900)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1648-1656 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Ukraine | about 100,000 | Zaporozhian Cossacks, Crimean Tatars and the Ukrainian peasants | During the uprising by Zaporozhian Cossacks, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky, allied with the Crimean Tatars and the local Ukrainian peasantry, tens of thousands of Jews were massacres, with estimates ranging from 40,000 to 500,000. |
1768 | Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth | Uman, Ukraine | [26] (including thousands of Jews) | about 20,000Ukrainian peasants and Haidamak Cossacks | During the Cossack and peasant rebellion known as the Koliyivschyna, the rebels, led by Haidamak rebel army, massacred thousands of Jews (many of whom had sought refuge in a synagogue) and Poles, estimates varying from 2,000 to 50,000. |
1821-1829 | Greece | throughout Peloponnese | thousands | Greek nationalist | Many massacres occurred during Greek War of Independence. The Greeks viewed the Jews as supportive of the Ottoman Turks, and thousands of Jews were massacred by the Greek rebels, with the Jewish communities of Mistras, Tripolis, Kalamata and Patras completely destroyed.[27] |
Early twentieth century (1900 - 1939)
editUntil the end of World War I (1900 - 1918)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1910 October 30 | Persia (Iran) | Shiraz | 12 | Muslim rioters | [28] | During a pogrom in the Jewish quarter in Shiraz, sparked by false rumors that the Jews had killed a Muslim girl, 12 Jews were killed, about 50 were injured and hundreds of Jewish houses were looted.
Between the two World Wars (1918 - 1939)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1929 late August | British Mandate of Palestine | Hebron, Safed, Jerusalem and some other towns | 133 | Arab mobs | Arab rioters slaughtered Jews in several towns and villages throughout the country, including 67 Jews in the massacres in Hebron[29], about 20 in the massacres in Safed[30], 17 in Jerusalem, as well as others in Motza, Kfar Uria and Tel Aviv. |
The Holocaust (1939 - 1945)
editSummary
editDate | Region | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1939 to 1945 | Nazi-occupied Europe and North Africa | throughout Europe | approximately 6,000,000 Jews | Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, its allies, and collaborators | Throughout the period of Word War II, the Nazis assisted by their allies, embarked upon a campaign of systematic murder of the Jews of Europe, resulting in the genocide of 6 million Jews, including 1½ million children |
Principal atrocities
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1941, September 29 and 30 | ( Nazi occupied) Soviet Union | Babi Yar, Ukraine | [31] | more than 30,000German troops and Ukrainians | Germans, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, killed the Jewish population of Kiev.[31] |
1940 to January 1945 | June( Nazi occupied) Poland | Auschwitz-Birkenau | [32], and 2,000,000,[33] | Between 1,000,000Nazi Germany operating through the paramilitary SS | The largest and most deadly of the Nazi death camps, in which more than 1 million Jews died (with some estimates as high as 3 million[34]), until the camp was liberated by Soviet troops on 27 January 1945 |
Other World War II massacres (1939 - 1945)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1941 June 1-2 | Iraq | Baghdad | over 180 | Arab rioters | An anti-Jewish pogrom, known as the 'Farhud', erupted with an attack by an Arab mob upon a Jewish delegation visiting the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah. The rioters were joined by Iraqi police and the riots continued into the following day and were only subdued by the intervention of British troops. In all, between 180 and 200 Jews were killed, between 240 and 2,000 (according to different sources) were injured and hundreds of Jewish businesses were looted and homes destroyed.[35][36] |
Mid and late twentieth century (1945 - 2000)
editPost World War II (1945 - 1949)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1945 November 2 | Egypt | several cities | 10 | Arab rioters | Balfour Day riots. In anti-Jewish riots throughout Egypt, the rioters murder 10 Jews, wound 350 others, loot Jewish shops and wreck synagogues.[37] |
1945 November 4-7 | Libya (under UK administration) | Tripoli and 6 other towns | over 140 | Arab rioters | Anti-Jewish rioters in Tripoli, Benghazi, Amrus, Kussabat, Tawarga, Zanzur and Zavia.[37] More than 140 Jews were murdered, with many more injured. Almost all synagogues were looted and 5 were destroyed along with hundreds of homes and businesses.[38][39] |
1946 July 4 | Poland | Kielce | 42 Jews mudered | Polish mob | A vicious outbreak of violence against the Jewish community of Kielce perpetrated by the communist police, soldiers, and an angry mob. Violence resulted in 42 Polish Jews being murdered and 40 more injured, out of about 200 Holocaust survivors returning home after the war. Nine Poles were tried and executed for their part in the murders..[40] |
1947 | British Colony of Aden | City of Aden | 82 | Arab mob | After the partition vote of the British Mandate of Palestine, Arab rioters, assisted by the local police force, engaged in a bloody pogrom in Aden against the Jews of Aden and destroyed hundreds of Jewish homes. |
1947 December 30 | British Mandate of Palestine | Haifa | 39 | Arab refinery workers and others Arab workers | Following a Irgun attack that left 6 Arab workers dead, Arab refinery workers assisted by other Arab workers, stormed the refinery, armed with tools and metal rods, and beat 39 Jewish workers to death and wounding 49 others.[41] |
1948 April 13 | British Mandate of Palestine | Mount Scopus, Jerusalem | [42] | 80Irregular Arab forces | A civilian convoy bringing medical and fortification supplies and personnel to Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus was ambushed by Arab forces. Seventy-nine Jews, including doctors and nurses, and one British soldier were killed in the attack.[42] |
1948 May 13 | British Mandate of Palestine | Kfar Etzion, Jerusalem | [43] | 129Irregular Arab forces, aided by the Arab Legion | Realizing the hopelessness of their position, the defenders of Kfar Etzion put out the white flag and lined up to surrender. After they were photographed, the Arab irregular forces, together with, according to most reports, members of the Arab Legion opened fire. Those who escaped the initial attack were pursued and killed. Of the 133 defenders of Kfar Etzion, only four managed to escape. |
1948 June and July | Egypt | several cities | about 50 | Arab rioters | Anti-Jewish rioters murder some 50 Jews, some with savage mutilations, and destroy many Jewish homes.[37] |
1948 June | Libya (under UK administration ) | Tripoli | 12 | Arab rioters | Anti-Jewish rioters in Tripoli killed 12 Jews and destroyed 250 homes.[44] |
1948 June | Morocco - French protectorate | Oujda and Jerada | 44 | Arab rioters | 44 Jews die in Anti-Jewish rioters in the cities of Oujda and Jerada following the establishment of the State of Israel. |
Nineteen fifties and sixties (1950 - 1969)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1967 June | Libya | Benghazi and Tripoli | about 118 | Arab rioters | Following Six-Day War, Arab rioters murder about 100 Jews in Benghazi 18 in Tripoli.[37] They burn and loot synagogues, Jewish shop and homes.[39] |
Late twentieth century (1970 - 1999)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1972 May 30 | Israel | Lod Airport | [45] | 26Japanese Red Army faction | Three members of the Japanese Red Army, on behalf of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, killed 26 people (including 16 tourists from the Philippines) and injured 80 others at Tel Aviv's Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport).[45] |
1972 September 5-6 | Germany | Munich | [46] | 11Palestinian Black September group | Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian Black September group.[47] |
1974 May 15 | Israel | Ma'alot | [48] | 28Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine | Three members of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine infiltrate Israel from Lebanon, shoot and kill two Christian Arab women, a 4 year-old boy and his father and pregnanat mother, a young soldier on leave, and take 85 high school students hostage, slaughtering 22 of them, mostly girls aged 14-15, before the are themselves killed.[48] |
1978 March 11 | Israel | Coastal Road, north of Tel Aviv, | [49] | 35Palestinian Fatah Organization | Palestinian Fatah members based in Lebanon land on a beach north of Tel Aviv, kill an American photographer, and hijack an inter-city bus driving along Israel's Coastal Highway. 35 civilians are killed and 80 wounded.[49] |
1986 September 6 | Turkey | Neve Shalom synagogue, Istanbul | 22 | Palestinian Abu Nidal Organization | Istanbul synagogue massacre
Two attackers associated with Abu Nidal stormed the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul during Shabbat services, after locking the doors with iron bars, they gunned down the worshippers, leaving 22 people dead, among them 7 rabbis.[50][51] |
1992 March 17 | Argentina | Israeli Embassy, Buenos Aires, | [52] | 29Islamic Terrorist group, allegedly backed by Iran[52] | A pickup truck, driven by a suicide bomber and loaded with explosives, smashed into the front of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, destroying the embassy, a Catholic church, and a nearby school building. Several Israelis died, but most of the victims were Argentine civilians, many of them children. The blast killed 29 and wounded 242.[52] |
1994 July 18 | Argentina | AMIA Building, Buenos Aires, | [53] | 85allegedly Hezbollah, backed by Iran[53] | A van bomb was detonated in front of the building of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina, the Jewish Community Center in Buenos Aires. The deadly blast killed 85 people, most of them Jewish, and wounded more than 200 others. It was Argentina's deadliest bombing.[54] |
1995, January 22 | Israel | Beit Lid junction, outskirts of Netanya | [55] | 22Palestinian Islamic Jihad | First suicide attack by Palestinian Islamic Jihad, killing 22 and wounding 69. Carried out by two bombers; the second waited until emergency crews arrived to assist the wounded and dying before detonating his bomb.[55] |
Twenty-first century (from 2000)
editDate | Country | Location | Deaths | Perpetrators | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 March 27 | Israel | Park Hotel, Netanya | [56] | 30Palestinian Hamas terrorist | Killing of 30 guests at the Park Hotel in Netanya, Israel, sitting down to the traditional Passover Seder meal. Another 143 were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility. [56] |
2003 November 15 | Turkey | 2 synagogues in Istanbul | [57] | 27 people including 6 JewsAl-Qaeda[58] | Bet Israel and Neve Shalom synagogues in Istanbul, and exploded, killing twenty-seven people, most of them Turkish Muslims, and injured more than 300 others. Six Jews were among the dead.[59] | Two trucks carrying bombs slammed into the
2008 November 26 to 28 | India | Chabad House, Mumbai (Bombay) | 6 Jews | Pakistan-based Lashkar Taiba Islamic terrorists | Mumbai Chabad House terrorist attack As part of the militant Islamic terrorist attacks on Mumbai, in which at least 173 people were slaughtered, the Chabad House Jewish outreach center in the city was deliberately targeted by the terrorists in order to seek out Jewish victims.[60] The terrorists murdered six Jewish occupants of the building, including Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife, Rivka, who was five months pregnant. |
Notes and references
edit- ^ "Josephus puts the number killed at upwards of 40,000" - Echoes of Glory. By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1995. (Page 62)
- ^ 2 Maccabees 5:11-14.
- ^ Antiquitates Judaicae. ByJosephus. Book 14, chapter 4. tr. by William Whiston, available at Project Gutenberg. (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext01/taofj11.txt).
- ^ a b c Echoes of Glory. By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1995. (63 BCE - page 119; 49 BCE - pages 121/122; 4 BCE - pages 142/143)
- ^ A History of the Jewish People. By Max L. Margolis and Alexander Marx. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960. Pages 167/8.
- ^ a b History of the Jews, Part II. By Heinrich Graetz. 1893. Translation: Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956. (Chapters IV and V.)
- ^ a b Echoes of Glory. By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1995. (66-67 CE - pages 152-155)
- ^ The Wars of the Jews. By Josephus. Chappter 14, Section 2.
- ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book III, pages 7
- ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews, Book IV, pages 1-83
- ^ Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3
- ^ a b Echoes of Glory. By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1995. pages 203-205
- ^ a b According to Cassius Dio - The 'Five Good Emperors' (roman-empire.net)
- ^ a b c Echoes of Glory. By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1995. (259 CE page 259; 351-2 CE pages 268-9; 628 CE pages 292-3)
- ^ A History of the Jewish People. By Max L. Margolis and Alexander Marx. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1960. Pages 252/3.
- ^ History of the Jews, Part III. By Heinrich Graetz. 1893. Translation: Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1956. (Chapter I, pages 21-23)
- ^ a b "Granada" by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, Jewish Encyclopedia. 1906 ed.
- ^ Jim Bradbury (2004). The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 182.
- ^ a b c d Herald of Destiny By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1993. pages 140-156.
- ^ Gibb, H. A. R. The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi. Dover Publications, 2003 (ISBN 0486425193)
- ^ The Martyrs of Blois
- ^ a b c Herald of Destiny By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1993. pages 157-166.
- ^ a b Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 17. Kamen cites approximate numbers for Valencia (250) and Barcelona (400), but no solid data about Cordoba.
- ^ a b c Herald of Destiny By Berel Wein. New York: Shaar Press, 1993. pages 191-213.
- ^ History of the Jews By Cecil Roth. USA, 1954. Shocken edition pages 219-220
- ^ Jewish Encyclopedia http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=H&artid=88
- ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Greece
- ^ Littman (1979) pp 12-14
- ^ "The Hebron Massacre of 1929" by Shira Schoenberg (Jewish Virtual Library)
- ^ "Arab Attack At Safed", The Times, Saturday, August 31, 1929; pg. 10; Issue 45296; col D.
- ^ a b Staff. "The Holocaust Chronicle: Massacre at Babi Yar", The Holocaust Chronicle web site, Access 17 December 2007
- ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates, The Nizkor Project
- ^ Billig, Joseph. Les camps de concentration dans l'economie du Reich hitlerien. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1973. pp. 101-102.
- ^ Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988.
- ^ Levin, 2001, p. 6.
- ^ The Middle East's Forgotten Refugees by Semha Alwaya
- ^ a b c d The Illustrated Atlas of Jewish Civilization. By Josephine Bacon. Quarto Publishing: 1990. Pages 146-147.
- ^ Selent, pg 20-21
- ^ a b ""Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries"." By Jacqueline Shields. in Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203128.pdf
- ^ Commission of enquiry report, Palestine Post, Feb 20, 1948.
- ^ a b "Full Victims of Hadassah massacre to be memorialized" By Judy Siegel-Itzkovich. April 7, 2008, The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ James Cameron, (British journalist), "The making of Israel", published by Martin Secker & Warburgh Ltd, 1976. SBN 436 08230 6. Page 51. "Seventy Jews were killed, many of them after surrendering, many of them finished off most barbarously by Arab villagers instructed by legionaries."
- ^ A History of Israel. By Howard Sachar. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), page 400; The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. By Norman Stillman. (New York: Jewish Publication Society, 1991), page 145.
- ^ a b "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", CBC News, The Fifth Estate, 2007. Accessed June 2, 2008.
- ^ Wolff, Alexander (2002), "When The Terror Began", Time Magazine (Sep. 2, 2002).
- ^ CBS News (2002-09-05), Munich Massacre Remembered.
- ^ a b "Bullets, Bombs and a Sign of Hope", TIME, May 27, 1974.
- ^ a b "Among the most notorious attacks was the coastal road massacre in Israel in March 1978. The attack left 35 civilians dead and 80 wounded." Ben Gad, Yitschak. Politics, Lies, and Videotape, Shapolsky Publishers, 1991, ISBN 1561710156, p. 94.
- ^ Miller, Judith. The Istanbul Synagogue Massacre. 4 January 1987.
- ^ Terror in Istanbul; 2 Gunman Kill 21 in Synagogue. By Kamm, Henry. 7 September 1986.
- ^ a b c Argentina's Iranian nuke connection, Gareth Porter, 15 November 2006
- ^ a b "Iran, Hezbollah charged in 1994 Argentine bombing". Daily Jang. 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
- ^ Iran blamed for Argentina bomb, BBC News, 6 November, 2003
- ^ a b "Members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad Arrested, Charged with Racketeering and Conspiracy to Provide Support to Terrorists", United States Department of Justice, February 20, 2003. "...1995 murder of 22 people in a double suicide bombing at Beit Lid, Israel..."
- ^ a b "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested", CNN, March 26, 2008.
- ^ ujc.org.
- ^ "Bin Laden allegedly planned attack in Turkey". MSNBC. 2003-12-17. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Nariman House, not Taj, was the prime target on 26/11". DNA (newspaper). Retrieved 5 January 2009.