Wikipedia

User:Alexeyevitch/sandbox

< User:Alexeyevitch

Welcome to my sandbox.[1] what is this for?

(colonization)

Pre-European settlement

The area of modern-day greater Christchurch was originally swampland with patchworks of marshland, grassland, scrub and some patches of tall forest of mostly kahikatea, mataī and tōtara.[2] The inner coastal sand dunes were covered in hardier scrub bush, including akeake, taupata, tūmatakuru, ngaio, carmichaelia, and coprosma.[2] Christchurch was rich in birdlife prior to European colonisation, as they burned down forests and introduced predators, it led to local extinction of native birds, notably tūī and kākāpō.{sfn|Wilson|2005|pp=9–10}[3]

Evidence of human activity in the area goes as far back as 1250 AD,[4] with evidence of prolonged occupation beginning no later than 1350 AD.[5] These people in the pre-historic Māori period are believed to have been moa-hunters, who occupied coastal caves around modern-day Sumner.[6][7] These early settlers and their descendants are known from Ngāi Tahu tradition as the Waitaha iwi.[8] Around c. 1500 the Kāti Māmoe tribe migrated south from the east coast of the North Island, and gained control of much of Canterbury.[8] They were later joined by Ngāi Tahu beginning in c. 1600,[8] who ultimately absorbed both the Waitaha and Kāti Māmoe through a mixture of conflict and marriage.[8]{sfn|Rice|2008|pp=9–10}

For these early Māori, the area of Christchurch was an important foraging ground and a seasonal settlement.{sfn|Wilson|2005|p=18} The nearby major Ngāi Tahu pā at Kaiapoi was dependent on food gathered from the surrounding area, and the marshland rivers of Christchurch (the Avon River / Ōtākaro, Ōpāwaho / Heathcote River and the Styx River) were one of the richest eel-fisheries in the country,{sfn|Evison|1993|pp=6, 201, 153} with semi-permanent eel weirs dotted along them. The cabbage trees that grew abundantly in the marshes were used to make sugar.{sfn|Evison|1993|pp=6, 201, 153}

The most notable Māori settlements within Christchurch during the early-nineteenth century were at Pūtarikamotu.[a][11] in modern-day Riccarton,[12] and Papanui.[13] In both cases these were located in areas of surviving tall forest.[13] In South New Brighton there was a major Māori settlement named Te Kai-a-Te-Karoro, this was an important area that had kelp gull presence and mānuka scrub.[14][15] Te Ihutai (The Avon Heathcote Estuary) was an important food source for local iwi and hapū, the estuary providing food such as, flounder and shellfish.[16][17] The mudflats near modern-day Sumner, were called Ohika paruparu. Shellfish was primarily gathered there.[18] North New Brighton and the Travis Wetland were originaly called Ōruapaeroa, this area previously was rich in eels and birdlife, numerous whare were demolished in 1862, after an early European settler acquired the land.[19][20] Pūtarikamotu in particular was an important seasonal camp and foraging ground,[21] providing birds, eels and fish.[13] The main walking track connecting the major Ngāi Tahu settlements at Kaiapoi and Rāpaki passed through the heart of what is today the Christchurch Central City.[13]

































In 1916, Opawa was incorporated in to the city area.[22]


  • Morrison, J.P. (1948). The evolution of a city: the story of the growth of the city and suburbs of Christchurch, the capital of Canterbury, in the years from 1850 to 1903. Christchurch, New Zealand: Christchurch City Council.


Aranui's boundaries.[23]

The area ocupying modern-day Spreydon was called Wai Mōkihi and the relatively minor settlement here was known as Ōmōkihi. {Sfn|Taylor|1952|p=49}

Historically, the railway had local significance. In Opawa, residents frequently had trains passing daily through the suburb. There are no longer any public railway stations in Opawa,

TOPO 50 CCC (2014)--

Taa-- Ta-

uh- er-

Opawa: The Outpost on the Banks of the Heathcote

ISBN : 9780473124045

Chilvers, B.L; Dobbins, M.L; Edmonds, H.K. (2014). "Diving behaviour of yellow-eyed penguins, Port Pegasus/Pikihatiti, Stewart Island/Rakiura, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology.

<{{Sfn|Bradford|Cranfield|Michael|1991|p=137}} phy phy.[24] shu shu shu.

References

  • Bradford, Janet M; Cranfield, H. John; Michael, Keith P. (1991). "Phytoplankton biornass in relation to the surface hydrography of southern New Zealand and possible effects on the food chain". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research: 133-144. doi:10.1080/00288330.1991.9516463.






Ship Year Location Description Reference(s)
The William Ackers 1876 Waipapa Point Cargo Ship [25][26]
SS Tararua 1881 Otara Reef Passenger steamer [25][27]
Nellie 1888 11 km (6.8 mi) offshore of Dog Island Fishing schooner [28]
Star of Erin 1892 Waipapa Point Cargo Ship [28][29]
Waikouaiti 1939 Dog Island Cargo Ship [25]

Otara reef or Ōtara reef = same thing

  • SS Tararua (1881) [1]
  • The William Ackers (1876) [2]
  • Waikouaiti (1939)
  • The Neile (1888)
  • The Ino


  • Ingram, C.W.N. (1972). New Zealand Shipwrecks 1795–1970. Wellington, New Zealand. ISBN 9780589007157.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[3] Star of Erin















The area of modern-day greater Christchurch was originally swampland with patchworks of marshland. Evidence of human activity in the area goes as far back as 1250 with evidence of prolonged occupation beginning no later than 1350 AD. These people in the pre-historic Māori period are believed to have been moa hunter-gatherers, who occupied coastal caves around modern-day Sumner, and a nearby estuary providing important food such as, flounder and shellfish.

In the early 19th century, the British began to explore the region, with the first settlements being whaling stations. William and John Deans in 1843, who had more success in becoming established in the area, initially with establishing their farm at Riccarton. The First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour in 1850. Soon became a city by royal charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. Christchurch has a strong reputation for being an 'English' city, initially with John Eldon Gorst, describing that Christchurch reminded him of the garden cities in England, and he called it as such, and the citys's strong cultral and architectural identity. Later, with industrialization and the opening of the Main South Line saw rapid growth in the city's economy and population, with large industrial premises built along the railway. Later, in the 20th century Christchurch saw the construction of many State Houses with the earliest state houses were built in Sydneyham in the 1900s, to house workers that were employed in nearby factories. The city began its long history as an Antarctic gateway since 1901, when the Discovery Expedition left from Lyttelton Harbour, and is one of five Antarctic gateway cities, hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations. Later, Christchurch hosted the 1974 British Commonwealth Games at the purpose-built Queen Elizabeth II Park. The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries. The city's territorial authority population is 396,200 people, and includes a number of smaller urban areas as well as rural areas.[30] The population of the urban area is 384,800 people. It is the major urban area of an emerging sub-region known as Greater Christchurch. Notable smaller urban areas or satellite towns within this sub-region include Rangiora and Kaiapoi in Waimakariri District, north of the Waimakariri River, and Rolleston and Lincoln in Selwyn District to the south. It is served by the Christchurch International Airport the the country's second-busiest airport.

The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012, with the most destructive occurring on 22 February 2011, in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city suffered severe damage, with a few central city buildings collapsing. By late 2013, 1,500 buildings in the city had been demolished, leading to ongoing recovery and rebuilding projects. The city later became the site of a terrorist attack targeting two mosques on 15 March 2019.


The Canterbury Association, which settled the Canterbury Plains, named the city after Christ Church, Oxford. The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area.














 

I recognize you...





info

Expand bike section

City stuff (including rebuild)

Stranges fire bit needs work and other one (still needs a bit more work)

city growth (mostly done)

more industrialization (mostly done)

1868 flood (see Great storm of 1868)

further copyedits


lede needs to be rewritten






 
Ski Plane on the Tasman Glacier (1971)

kererū rangatira.

Trade-offs between indigenous forest and exotic production forest in New Zealand book title, section 3.6.

 This user likes takahē.

grasslands Alexeyevitch(talk) 10:17, 27 February 2024 (UTC)

Christchurch grew rapidly when the city became heavily industialised and when mass amounts of state housing was built.



activities


At the end of the most recent ice age, around 13,000 years ago, the Mueller Glacier, Hooker Glacier, and Tasman Glacier were all tributaries of a much larger glacier covering all of Hooker Valley and Tasman Valley. This glacier was about 85 km (53 mi) long and reached beyond the southern end of today's Lake Pukaki, up to 40 km (25 mi) south of the national park. As the glaciers retreated, it filled the hollowed-out valleys with rocks and gravel, leaving behind the U-shaped valleys seen today.


Ōrua Paeroa

which is in the centre of the Alpine Fault, a 600 km (370 mi) long active fault formed by a geological plate boundary.




Most naitive plants and wildlife are considered taonga by Ngāi Tahu.

DOC acknowledges Ngāi Tahu, the iwi who hold mana whenua status over a majority of Te Wāipounamu, including the lands within the the national park. p-17


A rugged, sparsely populated area, Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park is located in the Southern Alps, dense naitive bush and braided riverbeds, The park has many endangered species of birds. Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park attracted over one million tourists in 2019, and about 1800–2000 people a day walk the Hooker Valley Track in the peak season.

Glaciers cover 40% of the park area, notably the Tasman Glacier in the Tasman Valley east of Aoraki / Mount Cook.

Efforts to protect the alpine environment began early. A petition addressed to James Sutter, a member of Parliament, circulated in November 1884, requesting that the Government protect the alpine region around Aoraki / Mount Cook “from the ruthless demolition that has already deprived it of half its beauty". Petitioners were concerned that stock grazing and burn-offs were destroying the native bush and vegetation of the area. The petitioners suggested that Frank Huddleston, who had recently bought land at the base of the Mueller Glacier and was building the Hermitage, be appointed as a ranger to oversee the area


Even though most of the park is alpine terrain, it is easily accessible. The only road access into Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park is via State Highway 80. The highway starts 65 kilometres (40 mi) away near Twizel, the closest town to the park. State Highway 80 heads along the western shore of Lake Pukaki, which directly leads to Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park. Mount Cook Village is situated within the park, and consists only of the Hermitage Hotel and motels, a visitor information centre, a primary school, and housing and amenities for the staff of the hotel and motels and other support personnel.


Aoraki


sources: [4] (iceberg), [5] (hotel), [6] (avalanche), [7] (ngāi tahu), [8] (tourists), [9] (peak tourisim), [10] (road),










Israel Adesanya

prefix index [11]

wikibreak templates Template:Wikibreak templates

Singapore related changes: [12]

________________________________________________
________________________________________________



Mostly focused on Shallipopi's article. I'll work on other Nigerian-related articles and Afrobeats musicians after my holiday.


Important person: Ujah Idibia (2Baba)

  • Nonso Amadi
  • Ahmed Ololade
  • Oniyide Azeez


Afrobeats



Labudu Jamas.


Shallipopi




popi popi


Māori in South Canterbury

Before European colonisation the Ashburton District was rich in wildlife and forestry mataī, kānuka tōtara, kōwhai, tī kōuka. A notable mataī tree named "Hine Paaka" once stood near Alford Forest. Bird-catching parties used spears to catch kererū and kākā in the surronding forrest.[31]

Te Rehe and his sons regularly guided and government agents and surveyors through the South Canterbury region and hosted them at the prominent pā of Te Waiateruatī near the Ōpihi River.[32][33][34]

References

For South Canterbury earliest inhabitants, moa were a major source of food, along with forest birds, and the eels and flounder that were abundant in coastal lagoons.

Māori used tī kōuka (cabbage tree) and karaka were used umu tī (earth ovens) that were used to cook the tī stem. tī kōuka were high in natural sugars and were used to sweeten other foods.

Evidence of large cooking pits (umu tī) can still be found in the hills of South Canterbury and North Otago, where large groves of cabbage trees still stand.[35]

Early inhabits traveled through Ashburton to rely on its seasonal food and gathering area and natural resources.


refs

  1. ^ Vance, Michael (1999-01-30). "Rail leads the way, as does Rutherford". The Press (2 ed.). Christchurch, New Zealand. p. 18. ISSN 0113-9762.
  2. ^ a b Hills, Darren; Hills, Helen (2006). Settling near the Styx River (book). Christchurch, New Zealand: D A & H J Hills. p. 4, 180. ISBN 9780473111342.
  3. ^ Allot, Amber (4 September 2021). "How Christchurch lost its tūī, and how to bring them back". Stuff. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
  4. ^ Bunbury, Magdalena; Petchey, Fiona; Bickler, Simon (7 November 2022), "A new chronology for the Māori settlement of Aotearoa (NZ) and the potential role of climate change in demographic developments", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (46), National Academy of Sciences: e2207609119, doi:10.1073/pnas.2207609119, PMC 9674228, PMID 36343229, Figure 3
  5. ^ Jacomb, C (2009), "Excavations and chronology at the Redcliffs Flat site, Canterbury, New Zealand", Records of the Canterbury Museum, vol. 23, Christchurch, pp. 15–30, ISSN 0370-3878
  6. ^ Jacomb, C (2008), "The chronology of Moncks Cave, Canterbury, New Zealand", Records of the Canterbury Museum, vol. 22, Christchurch, pp. 45–56, ISSN 0370-3878
  7. ^ "Moncks Cave", Heritage New Zealand, archived from the original on 22 December 2023, retrieved 16 April 2024
  8. ^ a b c d The Ngai Tahu Report 1991 (PDF) (report), vol. 2, Wellington: GP Publications, 1991, WAI 27, archived (PDF) from the original on 26 January 2022, retrieved 17 April 2024, Sections 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4
  9. ^ M. Miller, Graham (2010). "Deans, John and Deans, William". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  10. ^ Harvie, Will (23 November 2023). "Riccarton Bush enhancements could start next year". The Press. Archived from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  11. ^ "Pūtarikamotu / "Deans Bush"", Ngāi Tahu Atlas, Ngāi Tahu, archived from the original on 30 November 2023, retrieved 22 April 2024
  12. ^ "The place of an echo: Pūtaringamotu (Deans Bush)", EnviroHistory NZ, 21 June 2010, archived from the original on 27 June 2023, retrieved 16 April 2024
  13. ^ a b c d Rice 2008, pp. 9–10.
  14. ^ Tau, T.M; Goodall, A.; Palmer, D. (1990). "Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngai Tahu resource management strategy for the Canterbury Region". Aoraki Press. Wellington, New Zealand. pp. 5–24.
  15. ^ James Herries, Beattie (1945). "Maori place names of Canterbury: including one thousand hitherto unpublished names collected from Maori sources". Otago Daily Times. Dunedin, New Zealand. p. 100.
  16. ^ Owen, S-J. (1992). The Estuary: Where our rivers meet the sea: Christchurch's Avon-Heathcote Estuary and Brooklands Lagoon. Christchurch, New Zealand: Parks Unit, Christchurch City Council. p. 12.
  17. ^ J.H., Beattie (1945). "Maori place names of Canterbury: including one thousand hitherto unpublished names collected from Maori sources". The Otago Daily Times. Dunedin, New Zealand. pp. 98–99.
  18. ^ Tau, Te Maire (1990). Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngāi Tahu Resource Management Strategy for the Canterbury Region. Aoraki Press. pp. 5–24.
  19. ^ Tau, Te Maire (1990). Te Whakatau Kaupapa: Ngāi Tahu Resource Management Strategy for the Canterbury Region. Aoraki Press. pp. 5–24.
  20. ^ Taylor, William Anderson (1952). "Otautahi – Christchurch and its district". Lore and History of the South Island Maori. Christchurch: Bascands Ltd. p. 48. Archived from the original on 9 August 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  21. ^ Evison 1993, p. 291.
  22. ^ Morrison 1948, p. 124.
  23. ^ "Boundary Map of Aranui". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
  24. ^ Bradford, Cranfield & Michael 1991, p. 137.
  25. ^ a b c Bain 2010, p. 118.
  26. ^ "The William Ackers". The Press. 1876-12-26. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  27. ^ Pickett, Brittany (2016-04-29). "Descendents pay respect to SS Tararua victim". Stuff. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  28. ^ a b Ingram 1972, p. 247.
  29. ^ Brett, Henry (1924). White Wings. Vol. 1. Auckland, New Zealand: The Brett Printing Company Limited. p. 317.
  30. ^ "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  31. ^ "Walks in the Mount Somers area" (PDF). DOC. Retrieved December 14, 2023.
  32. ^ "Natlib". natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  33. ^ "Wairewa to Waitarakao". Cultural Mapping Project. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  34. ^ "Te Karaka 62 by Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu - Issuu". issuu.com. 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2023-12-17.
  35. ^ Simpson, p.66



https://maoridictionary.co.nz/ (Te Aka Māori Dictionary)

https://xtools.wmcloud.org/ec/en.luquay.com (XTools)

https://guc.toolforge.org/?by=date&user= (Global Contributions)

https://ipcheck.toolforge.org/index.php?ip= (IP check)

https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/ (NZ Gazetteer)
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