Timeline of women in science in the United States

This is a timeline of women in science in the United States.

19th Century

edit

20th Century

edit

1940s

edit

1950s

edit
  • 1950: Isabella Abbott became the first Native Hawaiian woman to receive a PhD in any science; hers was in botany.[24][25]
  • 1950: Esther Lederberg was the first to isolate lambda bacteriophage, a DNA virus, from Escherichia coli K-12.[26]
  • 1952: Grace Hopper completed what is considered to be the first compiler, a program that allows a computer user to use English-like words instead of numbers. It was known as the A-0 compiler.[27]
  • 1956: The Wu experiment was a nuclear physics experiment conducted in 1956 by the physicist Chien-Shiung Wu, born in China but having become an American citizen in 1954, in collaboration with the Low Temperature Group of the US National Bureau of Standards.[28][29][30][31] That experiment showed that parity could be violated in weak interaction.[32]

1960s

edit

1970s

edit

1980s

edit

1990s

edit

21st Century

edit

2000s

edit

2010s

edit

2020s

edit
  • 2020: Kathryn D. Sullivan, the first American woman to walk in space, descended 35,810 feet to the Challenger Deep, making her the first person to both walk in space and to reach the deepest known point in the ocean.[75]

References

edit
  1. ^ Mary Wyer (2001). Women, Science, and Technology: A Reader in Feminist Science Studies. Psychology Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-415-92606-5.
  2. ^ Oakes, Elizabeth H., Encyclopedia of World Scientists,Infobase Publishing, 2007, p. 147
  3. ^ Edwin Butt Eckel (1982). The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society. Geological Society of America. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8137-1155-3.
  4. ^ "Susan La Flesche Picotte First N.A. Female Physician". Nebraska Studies. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  5. ^ a b "Women of Color in STEM". Marysville University website. 9 January 2020. Retrieved 13 Jun 2020.
  6. ^ "Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938". Dla.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  7. ^ Clary, R.M. "Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists". Geological society of London Publications. Special Publications. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  8. ^ Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
  9. ^ "The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service)". Nps.gov. 1945-06-18. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  10. ^ Schneidermann, Jill (July 1997). "A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom" (PDF). GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
  11. ^ a b irishawg (2016-08-20). "Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences". Irishawg.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2018-07-28.
  12. ^ "Marie Curie Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media. Retrieved 14 Jun 2020.
  13. ^ Lemelson-MIT Program
  14. ^ "Engineering Education Blog: First Woman Elected to National Academy of Science". K-grayengineeringeducation.com. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
  15. ^ "Medicine:Bacteriologists". Time. January 9, 1928. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
  16. ^ Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 514. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.
  17. ^ Williams, Marguerite. "A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin". World Cat. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  18. ^ "Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams". University of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 2018-09-24.
  19. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  20. ^ "Gerty Cori - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 1957-10-26. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  21. ^ "Nobel Prize for Medicine 2015 winners". Erewise. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  22. ^ Biography.com Editors. "Marie M. Daly Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. Retrieved 13 June 2020. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  23. ^ Witter, Brad. "Katherine Johnson and 9 Other Black Female Pioneers in Science". biography.com. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  24. ^ Arlene B. Hirschfelder; Paulette Fairbanks Molin (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Scarecrow Press. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7709-2.
  25. ^ "'Seaweed lady' Isabella Abbott dies". Montereyherald.com. 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-08-23.
  26. ^ "Lederberg, E. M., 1950, "Lysogenicity in Escherichia coli strain K-12", Microbial Genetics Bulletin, 1, pp. 5-9, Jan. 1950, Univ. of Wisconsin (Evelyn Maisel Witkin, Editor), Ohio State University, ISSN 0026-2579, call No. 33-M-4, OCLC 04079516, Accession Number: AEH8282UW" http://www.estherlederberg.com/Censorship/LambdaW.html
  27. ^ Computer History Museum | Timeline of Computer History : Year 1952 Entries
  28. ^ Wu, C. S.; Ambler, E.; Hayward, R. W.; Hoppes, D. D.; Hudson, R. P. (1957). "Experimental Test of Parity Conservation in Beta Decay" (PDF). Physical Review. 105 (4): 1413–1415. Bibcode:1957PhRv..105.1413W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1413.
  29. ^ a b William Dickie (February 18, 1997). "Chien-Shiung Wu". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
  30. ^ a b Chiang, Tsai-Chien (2014). Madame Chien-Shiung Wu: The First Lady of Physics Research. pg. 80-81. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-4374-84-2.
  31. ^ a b Wang, Zuoyue (1970–80). "Wu Chien-Shiung". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 25. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 363–368. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
  32. ^ Eberhard Zeidler (17 August 2011). Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge between Mathematicians and Physicists. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 196–. ISBN 978-3-642-22421-8.
  33. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  34. ^ NASA Content Administrator (20 February 2015). "Glenn Orbits the Earth". NASA.gov.
  35. ^ Shetterly, Margot Lee (22 November 2016). "Katherine Johnson Biography". NASA.gov.
  36. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
  37. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  38. ^ a b Des Julie (2010). The Madame Curie Complex: The Hidden History of Women in Science. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-55861-655-4.
  39. ^ "Mayer, Maria Goeppert". Astr.ua.edu. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  40. ^ Steel, Martha Vickers (2001). "Women in Computing: Experiences and Contributions Within the Emerging Computing Industry" (PDF). Computing History Museum.
  41. ^ "UW-Madison Computer Science Ph.D.s Awarded, May 1965 - August 1970". UW-Madison Computer Sciences Department. Retrieved 2010-11-08.
  42. ^ Tiffany K. Wayne (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. ABC-CLIO. p. 1021. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9.
  43. ^ The Bruce Medalists: Margaret Burbidge
  44. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  45. ^ "ACS President: Anna Jane Harrison (1912-1998)". Acs.org. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
  46. ^ "ASBMB". ASBMB. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
  47. ^ "ASBMB Presidents :: 1978 – Mildred Cohn". Asbmb.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
  48. ^ "Mildren Cohn (1913–2009) - American Chemical Society". Acs.org. Retrieved 2018-12-20.
  49. ^ Angelo, Michael; Varrato, Matt (2011-10-01). "Leah Lowenstein, MD Nation's first female Dean of a co-ed medical school (1981)". 50 and Forward: Posters.
  50. ^ "Barbara McClintock". Nasonline.org. 2018-03-30. Retrieved 2018-08-19.
  51. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  52. ^ ISSUU - BioNoticias by Biblioteca Biología
  53. ^ Kolata, Gina (September 4, 1992), "Dr. Barbara McClintock, 90, Gene Research Pioneer, Dies", The New York Times, retrieved December 28, 2012
  54. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983", Nobelprize.org, Nobel Media AB, archived from the original on July 6, 2010, retrieved July 8, 2010
  55. ^ "Former Astronaut and NOAA Administrator Kathy D. Sullivan Named National Air and Space Museum's Lindbergh Fellow". National Air and Space Museum. 2017-01-26. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  56. ^ Patricia E. Bath, US Patent 4,744,360, Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses, issued May 17, 1988 (filed Dec. 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019
  57. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  58. ^ U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Dr. Antonia Novello". Changing the Face of Medicine website. National Institutes of Health, Health & Human Services. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  59. ^ Margaret W. Rossiter (21 February 2012). Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972. JHU Press. pp. 249–. ISBN 978-1-4214-0233-8.
  60. ^ "Society of Chemical Industry - Perkin Medal". www.soci.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-26.
  61. ^ a b Stinson S (1992). "Edith M. Flanigen Wins Perkin Medal". Chemical & Engineering News. 70 (10): 25. doi:10.1021/cen-v070n010.p025.
  62. ^ Hine, Darlene Clarke (2005). Black Women in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 140. ISBN 9780195223750.
  63. ^ "Space Today Online -- Man In Space Firsts -- table of contents". www.spacetoday.org. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  64. ^ St Angelo, Steven (2014-07-01). "A farewell celebration for Nursing's Fannie Gaston-Johansson". The Hub. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
  65. ^ "US NSF - Office of the Director - List of NSF Directors, 1950-present". www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
  66. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  67. ^ "UCSF's Elizabeth Blackburn Receives Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine | UC San Francisco". Ucsf.edu. 2009-10-05. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
  68. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
  69. ^ "Marcia K McNutt".
  70. ^ "Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences". AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2016-02-16. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  71. ^ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
  72. ^ "Frances Arnold Becomes First American Woman To Win Nobel Prize In Chemistry | HuffPost". Huffingtonpost.com. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  73. ^ "Citation by the Abel Prize Committee". The Abel Prize. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  74. ^ Chang, Kenneth (March 19, 2019). "Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics – Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians". The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
  75. ^ Murphy, Heather (2020-06-08). "First American Woman to Walk in Space Reaches Deepest Spot in the Ocean". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-10.