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The following events occurred in September 1923:

September 8, 1923: Seven U.S. Navy destroyers wrecked during exercises
September 1, 1923: Earthquake kills over 100,000 people in Japan, leaves two million homeless
September 14, 1923: Champion Dempsey knocked out of the ring by challenger Firpo

September 1, 1923 (Saturday)

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September 2, 1923 (Sunday)

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  • Admiral Yamamoto Gonnohyōe was installed as Prime Minister of Japan as part of an "emergency cabinet" installed the day after the earthquake, and to fill the vacancy left by the August 24 death of Katō Tomosaburō,
  • The Kantō Massacre of non-Japanese ethnic minorities began in Japan in the aftermath of the earthquake the day before, starting with vigilante groups targeting Korean residents on the island of Honshu, at first with the encouragement of local police, and then with the participation of police and the Imperial Japanese Army. An estimated 6,000 people of Korean, Chinese or Ryukyuan descent were killed after rumors were spread that minorities were seeking to overthrow the Japanese government during the chaos following the earthquake.[5][9][10]
  • A "German Day" rally attended by over 100,000 nationalists was held in Nuremberg to commemorate the 53rd anniversary of victory over the French in the Battle of Sedan. Adolf Hitler and Erich Ludendorff were in attendance as Nazis were among the paraders.[11][12]
  • German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann suggested in a speech in Stuttgart that the passive resistance campaign in the Ruhr should be ended. "Every honest person in the Ruhr district and along the Rhine is longing for the hour when he will again return to work", Stresemann said. "This hour will have to come, and through German productive work the real solution of the conflict can be found. The purpose of passive resistance was to bring about this solution. We are ready to make the greatest material sacrifices, but we are not willing to give up the liberty of German soil."[13]
 
Chaney as Quasimodo
  • Lon Chaney established his role as the "Man of 1,000 Faces" portraying Quasimodo in the debut of the popular silent film adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, released by Universal Pictures and making its debut at the Astor Theatre in New York before going into nationwide release on September 6.[14]
  • Died: J. Campbell Cantrill, 53, U.S. Congressman for Kentucky and Democratic nominee for Governor, died in the middle of his campaign for state office, six days after having undergone surgery for a ruptured appendix.[15] William J. Fields, another incumbent U.S. Representative, was nominated by the Democratic Party's central committee to fill the vacancy left by Cantrill's death and would win the general election in November.[16]

September 3, 1923 (Monday)

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September 4, 1923 (Tuesday)

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September 5, 1923 (Wednesday)

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September 6, 1923 (Thursday)

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Prince Peter

September 7, 1923 (Friday)

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An Interpol ID card[31]

September 8, 1923 (Saturday)

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September 9, 1923 (Sunday)

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September 10, 1923 (Monday)

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September 11, 1923 (Tuesday)

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September 12, 1923 (Wednesday)

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September 13, 1923 (Thursday)

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September 14, 1923 (Friday)

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September 15, 1923 (Saturday)

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Spain's Premier Primo de Rivera[56]
 
Oklahoma's Governor Walton
  • Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton declared "absolute martial law" statewide in his fight against the Ku Klux Klan. The official proclamation said that anyone who aided or abetted the Klan would be "deemed to be enemies of the sovereign state of Oklahoma and shall be dealt with by the military forces of the state."[58] Governor Walton announced further that he was suspending the writ of habeas corpus in Tulsa County.
  • Twelve people were killed and many injured in food riots in the German Silesian town of Sorau.[59]
  • In Britain, French socialite Marguerite Alibert was acquitted in her murder trial. On July 10, she had shot and killed her husband, Ali Kamel Fahmy Bey, at the Savoy Hotel in London.[60]
  • The costume adventure film Scaramouche premiered at the Shubert-Belasco Theater in Washington, D.C.[18]
  • Born: Mikhail Tanich, popular Russian songwriter and 1990 founder of the group Lesopoval; in Taganrog, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (d. 2008)

September 16, 1923 (Sunday)

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September 17, 1923 (Monday)

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Berkeley homes after the fire

September 18, 1923 (Tuesday)

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A 2014 stamp honoring King Michael and Queen Anne

September 19, 1923 (Wednesday)

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September 20, 1923 (Thursday)

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September 21, 1923 (Friday)

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September 22, 1923 (Saturday)

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September 23, 1923 (Sunday)

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September 24, 1923 (Monday)

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  • Governor Walton of Oklahoma directed all citizen soldiers of the state to be prepared "with such arms as they possess or can obtain to come to the assistance of the sovereign state of Oklahoma when ordered to do so by the governor."[77]
  • Murray State University began classes in the U.S. state of Kentucky as Murray State Normal School, with 202 students in at a former high school building until its permanent campus could be opened.[78] Nearly 100 years later, it would have an enrollment of more than 9,000 students.
  • The U.S. Bureau of Fisheries vessel USFS Curlew rescued 58 of the 75 passengers and crew from the Canadian ferryboat Waubic.[79]
  • Born: Ladislav Fuks, Czech novelist; in Prague, Czechoslovakia (d. 1994)
  • Died: William Henry Ellis, 59, African-American entrepreneur and millionaire who had attempted to create a colony for African-Americans in Mexico's Tlahualilo Municipality.

September 25, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • The German government, led by Friedrich Ebert, officially ended its campaign of passive resistance against occupying forces.[80] In response, extremist groups, upset over Germany "losing another war", met to discuss overthrow of the government.[81] Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler met in Munich with the top right-wing leaders who would form the Kampfbund and persuaded them to entrust him as their leader. Ernst Röhm would write later that Hermann Kriebel, Hitler, Hermann Göring of the Sturmabteilung, Adolf Heiss and Joseph Seydel of the Bund Reichskriegsflagge, and Friedrich Weber of the Bund Oberland, conferred on the situation and that "In a magnificent speech lasting two hours and a half, Hitler unraveled a gripping picture of the political situation, and at its conclusion requested us to entrust the full political leadership to him. Tears in his eyes... Heiss extended him his hand and acceded to his request, and Weber followed his example. I was also highly emotional, for I was seeing the concept take shape for which I had yearned for so long. Now I believed that the hour of our liberation was nearer..."[82]
  • The first scheduled passenger airline service by flying boat commenced as British Marine Air Navigation Company began flights with three Supermarine Super Eagle aircraft on flights between Southampton in Britain, and Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands.[83]
  • Born:

September 26, 1923 (Wednesday)

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September 27, 1923 (Thursday)

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The CB&Q Wreck
  • A train wreck killed 30 people in the U.S. state of Wyoming after a bridge was washed away by flooding of the North Platte River. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad train was making an overnight trip from Casper, Wyoming toward Denver, Colorado, and was only 15 miles (24 km) out of Casper when it plunged into Cole Creek near what is now the community of Meadow Acres in the worst rail accident in Wyoming history.
  • German Army Major Bruno Buchrucker sent out an order directing 4,500 men of the paramilitary group Black Reichswehr to assemble on September 30 to carry out a coup against the German government.[97]
  • The Oklahoma Supreme Court allowed a referendum to go ahead on October 2 in which voters would decide if the state legislature could convene without being called by the governor. If voters approved the measure then impeachment proceedings were sure to go ahead against Governor Jack C. Walton, who was therefore fighting to block the referendum.[98]
  • The Soviet Union deported anarchists Senya Fleshin and Molly Steimer, placing both of them on a ship bound for Germany after they had gone on a hunger strike while in a Soviet prison. Molly Steimer had been deported from the United States on November 24, 1921, after having served prison sentences in the U.S. for anarchist activities.[99]
  • Born: Violetta Farjeon, English stage actress and singer; in Kensington, London (d. 2015)

September 28, 1923 (Friday)

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September 29, 1923 (Saturday)

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September 30, 1923 (Sunday)

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References

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  1. ^ "The Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923". Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  2. ^ "The Great Japan Earthquake of 1923". Smithsonian Institution. May 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  3. ^ "ALL TOKIO IN FLAMES; DEATH TOLL STAGGERING— Yokohama in Ruins as Temblor Rocks East Coast of Nation", Los Angeles Times, September 2, 1923, p. 1
  4. ^ "DEATH TOLL EXCEEDS 100,000 IN JAPAN'S HOLOCAUST", Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1923, p. 1
  5. ^ a b Joshua Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II (Simon & Schuster, 2006) pp. 113–114
  6. ^ Establishment of the Chosen Railway, Dong-A Ilbo, 3 September 1923 (in Korean)
  7. ^ a b De Santo, V. (September 2, 1923). "Mussolini, Defiant, Will Deal with Greece". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  8. ^ "Bellbird Mine 1923- Mining Accident Database". www.mineaccidents.com.au. Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  9. ^ "1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints", by Robert Neff, August 31, 2016
  10. ^ "Remembering the Great Kanto Earthquake killingsーNHK WORLD-JAPAN NEWS". YouTube.
  11. ^ "Germany – The Republic in Crisis 1920–1923". The World War. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  12. ^ "Interwar Germany, Nuremberg Rally 1923". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  13. ^ "Alliance with France Sought by Stresemann". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 3, 1923. p. 3.
  14. ^ "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923)". Internet Movie Database.
  15. ^ "Congressman J. C. Cantrill Loses Battle for Life— Leader Meets First Defeat Against Odds", Lexington (KY) Herald, September 3, 1923, p. 1
  16. ^ "Fields, William Jason", by John E. Kleber, in The Kentucky Encyclopedia (University Press of Kentucky, 1992)
  17. ^ "The President's Appeal for Help". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 4, 1923. p. 1.
  18. ^ a b Holston, Kim R. (2013). Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7864-6062-5.
  19. ^ Robert A. Rosenstone, "Manchester Boddy and the L.A. Daily News", The California Historical Society Quarterly (December 1970) pp. 291–307
  20. ^ "Poppy", Internet Broadway Database
  21. ^ De Santo, V. (September 5, 1923). "Italy Defies League". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  22. ^ Raymond Mander and Joe Mitchenson, Theatrical Companion to Coward (Oberon Books, 1957) p. 74
  23. ^ a b Westcott, Rich (1996). Philadelphia's Old Ballparks. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-56639-454-3.
  24. ^ "Pianist wrote music for holiday song", by Claire Noland, Los Angeles Times], March 15, 2008
  25. ^ Ryan, Thomas (September 6, 1923). "Workers Back in Ruhr Mines with 6 Hour Day". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 6.
  26. ^ Jasen, David A. (2002). P.G. Wodehouse – A Portrait Of A Master. New York: Schirmer Trade Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-85712-754-9.
  27. ^ "Gustavo Rojo Pinto: Pintó su camino de éxitos", by Gustavo Suárez Ojeda, Impacto Latino, May 2, 2017
  28. ^ Wales, Henry (September 7, 1923). "League Bows to Italy". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  29. ^ Sheean, Vincent (September 7, 1923). "Rome to Abide by Ruling of Ambassadors". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1.
  30. ^ "Jugo-Slav Heir Born to Throne; War Rumors Start as Guns in Morning Boom Out Royal Salute", Los Angeles Times, September 8, 1923, p. 5
  31. ^ Attribution: European Communities
  32. ^ "1923 – how our history started". Interpol.
  33. ^ "Miss Columbus Again Captures Beauty Title". The Norwalk Hour. September 7, 1923. p. 16.
  34. ^ "J. V. Ganly Dies After Car Crash". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. September 8, 1923. p. 20.
  35. ^ "RADIO CONFUSION PUTS SEVEN DESTROYERS ON ROCKS— Twenty-two Dead, Three Missing, Many Injured— Air Clogged With Messages, Vessels Crash Off La Honda", Los Angeles Times, September 10, 1923, p. 1
  36. ^ "Point Honda Research". Point Honda Memorial. 2006. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  37. ^ "Navy Suffers Heavy Loss— Wrecked Destroyers Were Among Best Equipped in World; Total Value About $10,500,000", Los Angeles Times, September 10, 1923, p. 2
  38. ^ Barella, Gulio (September 9, 1923). "Greece Bows; Italy Wins". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  39. ^ Seldes, George (September 9, 1923). "Hungry Berlin Housewives Riot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  40. ^ "Driver Sivocci Is Killed in Accident", Los Angeles Times, September 9, 1923, p. 9
  41. ^ "Greece Accepts Demands— Foreign Minister Sees Diplomatic Victory for Athens in League of Nations Verdict", by Larry Rue, Los Angeles Times, September 10, 1923, p. 2
  42. ^ Darren Galpin. "1923 Grands Prix, The GEL Motorsport Information Page". Archived from the original on 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  43. ^ a b c Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  44. ^ "Clouds prevent Study of Solar Eclipse Here— Scientists Disappointed; Look to Aerial Photographers for Record of Phenomenon", Los Angeles Times, September 11, 1923, p.1
  45. ^ "Membres de l'Académie des sciences depuis sa création: Louis de Broglie Ondes et quanta" (PDF). academie-sciences.fr (in French). 1923.
  46. ^ Seldes, George (September 12, 1923). "Dresden Red Riots Kill Six". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  47. ^ "Sigmund Lubin, Motion-Picture Pioneer, Dead", Los Angeles Times, September 11, 1923, p. 1
  48. ^ John Wegg, Finnair. The Art of Flying since 1923 (Finnair Oy, 1983) p.23
  49. ^ "The history of Finnair". company.finnair.com. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  50. ^ Text of 1923 Obscenity Convention, League of Nations Treaty Series
  51. ^ a b "The 1923 September Uprising in Bulgarian history". Bulgarian National Radio. September 23, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  52. ^ "Atherton History", archived in the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ "TWIBH: September 14, 1923 — Dempsey vs. Firpo". Best Boxing Blog. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  54. ^ "Air Mail Disaster". The Times. No. 43447. London. 15 September 1923. col D, p. 8.
  55. ^ "September 14, 1923 Cleveland Indians at Boston Red Sox Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. September 14, 1923. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  56. ^ Attribution: Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-09414 / CC-BY-SA 3.0
  57. ^ "Riveras Sworn as Spain's Premier; Names Cabinet". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 16, 1923. p. 4.
  58. ^ "Martial Law is Proclaimed; Censor is Out". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 16, 1923. pp. 1–2.
  59. ^ Seldes, George (September 18, 1923). "German Peace Hopes Wane as Food Riots Rage". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 13.
  60. ^ "The Prince, the Princess and the Perfect Murder by Andrew Rose". The Times. People started queuing well before dawn on Monday, September 10, 1923.
  61. ^ Marius B. Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan (Harvard University Press, 2000) p. 573
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  64. ^ Penny Clark and Brian Sattler. "Lamar University History". Lamar University. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  65. ^ "500 Houses Destroyed in Berkeley, Cal., Fire". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 18, 1923. p. 1.
  66. ^ "Club Deportivo Luis Ángel Firpo: Historia, official website
  67. ^ "A new phororhacoid bird from the Deseado formation of Patagonia", by Bryan Patterson, in Geological Series of Field Museum of Natural History (October 31, 1941) p.49-51
  68. ^ "N.Y. Newspapers Unite to Issue One Publication". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 19, 1923. p. 3.
  69. ^ "Diavolo Peak". BC Geographical Names. BC Geographical Names. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
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  71. ^ Kaes, Anton (2009). Shell Shock Cinema: Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 978-0-691-03136-1.
  72. ^ Smitha, Frank E. (2013). "1923". Macrohistory and World Timeline. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  73. ^ "Yankees Clinch 3d Pennant by Beating Browns". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 21, 1923. p. 27.
  74. ^ "Outlaw Strike in Newspapers of N.Y. is Ended". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 22, 1923. p. 7.
  75. ^ "Cells Jammed in Police Mop-up of Beer". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 23, 1923. p. 1.
  76. ^ Rue, Larry (September 24, 1923). "Parliament in Bulgaria Ends by King's Order". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  77. ^ "Gov. Walton Calls All Oklahoma to Arms". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 25, 1923. p. 1.
  78. ^ "The Origin of Murray State University; History of University Publishes As Fiftieth Anniversary Draws Near", by L. J. Hortin, Murray (KY) Ledger & Times, December 11, 1970, p. 6
  79. ^ "Steamer Waubic Goes Aground", Cape Vincent (NY) Eagle, September 27, 1923
  80. ^ Seldes, George (September 26, 1923). "Germans Fear Ruhr Revolt Against Toil". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  81. ^ Robert B. Kane, Disobedience and Conspiracy in the German Army, 1918–1945 (McFarland, 2008) p. 56
  82. ^ The Memoirs of Ernst Röhm, by Ernst Röhm, translated by Eleanor Hancock (Eher Verlag, 1928, reprinted by Pen & Sword Books, 2012)
  83. ^ Leslie Dawson, 20th Century Passenger Flying Boats (Pen & Sword Books, 2021) p. 150
  84. ^ Jue-Steuck, Jennifer (Autumn 2003). "John J. Graham: Behind the Peacock's Plumage" (PDF). Design Issues. Vol. 19, no. 4. pp. 91–96.
  85. ^ Lewis, Nathan (June 9, 2011). "In Hyperinflation's Aftermath, How Germany Went Back to Gold". Forbes. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  86. ^ Seldes, George (September 27, 1923). "Bavaria Revolt Brings Drastic Berlin Action". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  87. ^ Jackisch, Barry A. (2012). The Pan-German League and Radical Nationalist Politics in Interwar Germany, 1918–39. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-6142-5.
  88. ^ "Bulgars Storm Two Towns Held by 5,000 Rebels". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 26, 1923. p. 3.
  89. ^ Wales, Henry (September 27, 1923). "Allies Force Greece to Pay Italy Millions". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  90. ^ Ewing, Garen (2005). "A Woman of Paris". GarenEwing.co.uk. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  91. ^ "Remembering Dev Anand with facts on the evergreen Bollywood star", India Today, December 3, 2018
  92. ^ Bejtullah Destani and Jason Tomes, Albania's Greatest Friend: Aubrey Herbert and the Making of Modern Albania: Diaries and Papers 1904–1923 (I.B. Tauris, 2011)
  93. ^ Stephen Dorril, MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service (Simon & Schuster, 2002) p. 405
  94. ^ Chicago Daily Tribune. September 28, 1923. p. 9. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  95. ^ Rue, Larry (September 29, 1923). "Bulgars Take Last Fortress of Communists". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  96. ^ "Democracy is born", by Dr Yunan Labib Rizk, Al-Ahram (May 25–31, 2000), archived by the Wayback Machine.
  97. ^ John Wheeler-Bennett, The Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics, 1918–1945 (Macmillan, 1967)
  98. ^ Kinsley, Philip (September 28, 1923). "Election and Law Test Next in Oklahoma". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  99. ^ Avrich, Paul. "An Anarchist Life: Mollie Steimer (1897-1980)" – via Internet Archive.
  100. ^ Ellis, Charles Howard, ed. (2004). The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-58477-320-7.
  101. ^ "Storm Near Omaha Kills 14". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 29, 1923. p. 1.
  102. ^ "Giants Win 11th Flag as Robins Fall, 3–0". Chicago Daily Tribune. September 29, 1923. p. 1.
  103. ^ "Radio Times Issues", BBC.co.uk
  104. ^ "French Syria (1919–1946)", University of Central Arkansas
  105. ^ De Santo, V. (September 30, 1923). "Italians Return $500,000 from Greek Indemnity". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  106. ^ Seldes, George (September 30, 1923). "Berlin Defied by Bavaria". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  107. ^ Louise Mead Tricard, American Women's Track and Field: A History, 1895 Through 1980 (McFarland, 1996) pp. 88–89.
  108. ^ Shirer, William L. (2011). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4516-5168-3.
  109. ^ Ryan, Thomas (October 1, 1923). "Many Slain as Bullets Smash Rhine Meeting". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  110. ^ "French Dirigible Flies 118 Hours, World Record". Chicago Daily Tribune. October 1, 1923. p. 1.
  111. ^ "Haldane of the Secret Service", Internet Movie Database
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