Peng'im[1] (simplified Chinese: 潮州话拼音方案; traditional Chinese: 潮州話拼音方案: Diê⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Teochew) Dio⁵ziu¹uê⁷ Pêng¹im¹ huang¹uan³ (Swatow), Pe̍h-ūe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ūe Pheng-im Huang-uàⁿ, Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tiê-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ or Tiô-chiu-ōe Pheng-im Hoang-òaⁿ) is a Teochew dialect romanization system as a part of Guangdong Romanization published by Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The tone of this system is based on the Swatow dialect. The system uses the Latin alphabet to transcript pronunciation and numbers to note tones.

Before that, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by the missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tai-lo can also be used to transcribe Teochew. The name Peng'im is a transcription of "拼音" using this system.

Contents

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Alphabet

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This system uses the Latin alphabet, but does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y. ê is the letter e with circumflex.

Initials

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There are 18 initials. Syllables not starting with consonants are called zero initials.

Initials
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Voiced(no frictions) nasal m [m] n [n] ng [ŋ]
plosive or lateral bh [b] l [l] 來/內 gh [g] 鵝/牙
Voiceless stops aspirated p [] t [] k []
plain b [p] d [t] g [k] [ʔ]
Voiceless affricates aspirated c [tsʰ]
plain z [ts]
Fricatives s [s] 士/速 h [h] 海/系
r [(d)z]

b and g can also be used as ending consonants.

Finals

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There are 59 finals :

Finals of Teochew dialect
Classes Open vowel Mid vowel Close vowel
Open Syllable i [i] u [u]
a [a] ia [ia] ua [ua]
o [o] io [io]
ê [e] [ue]
e [ɯ]
ai [ai] uai [uai]
oi [oi] ui [ui]
ao [au]
ou [ou] iou [iou]
iu [iu]
Nasal vowel in [ĩ]
an [ã] ian [ĩã] uan [ũã]
ion [ĩõ]
ên [ẽ]
en [ɯ̃]
ain [ãĩ]
oin [õĩ]
Nasal Coda im [im]
am [am][庵][2] iam [iam] uam [uam]
ing [iŋ] ung [uŋ]
ang [aŋ] iang [iaŋ] uang [uaŋ]
ong [oŋ] iong [ioŋ]
êng [eŋ]
Checked tone ih [iʔ]
ah [aʔ] iah [iaʔ] uah [uaʔ]
oh [oʔ] ioh [ioʔ]
êh [eʔ]
oih [oiʔ]
ib [ip̚]
ab [ap̚] iab [iap̚] uab [uap̚]
ig [ik̚] ug [uk̚]
ag [ak̚] [惡][2] iag [iak̚] uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲][2]
og [ok̚] iog [iok̚]
êg [ek̚]

Tones

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8 tones of Teochew dialect[3]
Tones 陰平(dark flat) 陰上(dark rising) 陰去(dark departing) 陰入(dark entering) 陽平(light flat) 陽上(light rising) 陽去(light departing) 陽入(light entering)
Tone value 33 52 213 2 55 35 11 4
Examples 詩、分 死、粉 世、訓 薛、忽 時、雲 是、混 示、份 蝕、佛
Symbols 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Notations[4] a á à ah â ă ā áh

Symbols of tones are notated at the top right of consonants or vowels which have top loudness.[5][6] For example:

  • 詩 - si1
  • 死 - si2
  • 世 - si3
  • 薛 - sih4

Differences in rime

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This is a list of differences in rime in Teochew dialect by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.[7] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.

Swatow Raoping Chaozhou Chenghai Puning[8] Jieyang Chaoyang Haifeng Examples
e e u i 餘,許,豬,祠
oi ôi ei
uin ui ui uain 跪,櫃
oin oin/êng ain ain ain ain 閒,殿
oih eih
iao/iou iao iou iou io/iao 搖,要
io ie ie io
ion ien ien ion
ioh ieh ieh ioh 借,惜,藥,石
am[am] ang[aŋ] am[am]
ab[ap] ag[ak] ap
iam[iam] iem[iem] iang[iaŋ] iam[iam]
iab[iap] ieb[iep] iag [iak] iap
im[im] ing [iŋ] im
ib[ip] ig [ik] ip
ang[aŋ] ang
ag [ak] âk
iang[iaŋ] iêng[ieŋ] iang
iag [iak] iêg[iek] iâk 傑,設
uang[uaŋ] uêng[ueŋ] uâng 全,完,緣,彎
uag [uak] uêg [uek] uâk
eng [ɯŋ] eng/ing êng/ung êng[eŋ] ing[iŋ] ng/eng
eg [ɯk] êg [ek] êg [ek] ig[ik]
ing[iŋ] ing êng[eŋ] in[in]
ung[uŋ] ung un[un]

References

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  1. ^ Tan, Charlene Gia Lim (July 26, 2018). An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-323-937-1.
  2. ^ a b c 廣州話、客家話、潮汕話與普通話對照詞典(2005年),第545頁。
  3. ^ Chaoyang region does not distinguish light rising and dark departing, Huilai does not distinguish light and dark departing.
  4. ^ 声调.潮州字典,[2012-8-18]
  5. ^ "Teochew · Mogher - 潮州音字典""Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  6. ^ "潮州話拼音方案ChaoZhou Dialect Romanization Scheme""Min - Chaozhou Dialect". Archived from the original on January 11, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010., Min-Chaozhou.
  7. ^ 潮州話拼音方案(2003年),根據“潮汕方言韻母內部差異表”章節。
  8. ^ 根据里湖音、洪阳音和流沙音编写。