Multipole magnets are magnets built from multiple individual magnets, typically used to control beams of charged particles. Each type of magnet serves a particular purpose.

Magnetic field equations

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The magnetic field of an ideal multipole magnet in an accelerator is typically modeled as having no (or a constant) component parallel to the nominal beam direction (  direction) and the transverse components can be written as complex numbers:[2]

 

where   and   are the coordinates in the plane transverse to the nominal beam direction.   is a complex number specifying the orientation and strength of the magnetic field.   and   are the components of the magnetic field in the corresponding directions. Fields with a real   are called 'normal' while fields with   purely imaginary are called 'skewed'.

First few multipole fields
n name magnetic field lines example device
1 dipole
 
 
2 quadrupole
 
 
3 sextupole
 
 

Stored energy equation

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For an electromagnet with a cylindrical bore, producing a pure multipole field of order  , the stored magnetic energy is:

 

Here,   is the permeability of free space,   is the effective length of the magnet (the length of the magnet, including the fringing fields),   is the number of turns in one of the coils (such that the entire device has   turns), and   is the current flowing in the coils. Formulating the energy in terms of   can be useful, since the magnitude of the field and the bore radius do not need to be measured.

Note that for a non-electromagnet, this equation still holds if the magnetic excitation can be expressed in Amperes.

Derivation

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The equation for stored energy in an arbitrary magnetic field is:[3]

 

Here,   is the permeability of free space,   is the magnitude of the field, and   is an infinitesimal element of volume. Now for an electromagnet with a cylindrical bore of radius  , producing a pure multipole field of order  , this integral becomes:

 


Ampere's Law for multipole electromagnets gives the field within the bore as:[4]

 

Here,   is the radial coordinate. It can be seen that along   the field of a dipole is constant, the field of a quadrupole magnet is linearly increasing (i.e. has a constant gradient), and the field of a sextupole magnet is parabolically increasing (i.e. has a constant second derivative). Substituting this equation into the previous equation for   gives:

 

 

 

 

 

References

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  1. ^ "Varna 2010 | the CERN Accelerator School" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-13.
  2. ^ "Wolski, Maxwell's Equations for Magnets – CERN Accelerator School 2009".
  3. ^ Griffiths, David (2013). Introduction to Electromagnetism (4th ed.). Illinois: Pearson. p. 329.
  4. ^ Tanabe, Jack (2005). Iron Dominated Electromagnets - Design, Fabrication, Assembly and Measurements (4th ed.). Singapore: World Scientific.