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This is a list of South American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[A] and continues to the present day.[1]
![](http://upload.luquay.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png)
The list includes animal extinctions in the Galápagos, Falklands, and other islands near the continent. Extinct animals from the West Indies are covered in List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene. Extinctions from Easter Island, a territory of Chile in Polynesia, are covered in the List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Opossums (order Didelphimorphia)
editOpossums (family Didelphidae)
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Red-bellied gracile opossum | Cryptonanus ignitus | Jujuy, Argentina | Last collected in 1962. The only known locality was destroyed by agriculture and urban development.[2] |
Possibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
One-striped opossum | Monodelphis unistriata | Southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina | Only collected twice, in 1821 in Brazil and 1899 in Argentina. The causes of decline are unknown, but possibly related to habitat loss through logging and agriculture.[3] |
Long-nosed armadillos (family Dasypodidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Propraopus sulcatus | Eastern South America | Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE.[4] |
Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Doedicurus clavicaudatus | South American pampas | Most recent remains at Arroyo Seco, Argentina dated to 4765-4445 BCE.[4] | |
Eutatus seguini | Northern Argentina and Uruguay | Most recent remains at Arroyo Seco, Argentina dated to 6389-6060 BCE.[5] | |
Glyptodon clavipes | Southern and eastern Brazil | Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE.[4] | |
Glyptodon reticulatus | Southern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation.[6] | |
Glyptotherium cylindricum | Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation.[7] | |
Hoplophorus euphractus | Eastern Brazil | Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE.[4] | |
Neosclerocalyptus ornatus[8] | Southern South America | Most recent remains in Paraguay dated to 5120 BCE.[9] | |
Neuryurus sp. | Eastern Argentina and Uruguay | Most recent remains at Lobería, Argentina dated to c. 19050-8050 BCE.[10] | |
Panochthus tuberculatus | Argentina to southern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Luján, Argentina but without direct datation.[11] |
Pachyarmatheres (family Pachyarmatheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Pachyarmatherium brasiliense | Eastern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation.[7] |
Pampatheres (family Pampatheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Holmesina majus | Minas Gerais and Ceará, Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation.[7] | |
Pampatherium sp. | Brazil |
Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Ahytherium aureum | Eastern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation.[6] |
Giant ground sloths (family Megatheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Eremotherium laurillardi | Southern United States to Brazil | Most recent remains in eastern Brazil dated to 7800-7740 BCE.[12] | |
Megatherium americanum | Temperate South America and the Andes | Most recent remains at Campo Laborde, Argentina were dated to 5270-4310 BCE and show signs of human hunting and processing.[8] |
Mylodonts (family Mylodontidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Glossotherium robustum | South America | Most recent remains at El Cautivo, Ecuador dated to 6810-6650 BCE.[4] | |
Lestodon armatus | Southern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Upper Ribeira Valley, southeastern Sao Paulo, Brazil but without direct datation.[6] | |
Mylodon darwini | Pampas and Patagonia | Most recent remains at Pali-Aike, Chile dated to 6689 BCE.[13] | |
Scelidodon chiliensis | Western South America | Most recent remains at Pampa de los Fósiles, Peru, dated to 7160-6760 BCE.[4] |
Scelidotherid ground sloths (family Scelidotheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Catonyx cuvieri | Eastern South America | Most recent remains at Lagoa Santa, Brazil dated to 7830-7430 BCE.[4] | |
Scelidotherium leptocephalum | Southern South America | Most recent remains at Río Cuarto, Argentina dated to 5660-5540 BCE.[14] | |
Valgipes bucklandi | Intertropical region of Brazil[7] | Most recent remains at Lagoa Santa, Brazil dated to 9110-9030 BCE.[15] |
Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Nothrotherium maquinense | Eastern Brazil | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation.[7] |
Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)
editGomphotheres (family Gomphotheriidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Notiomastodon platensis | South America | Most recently dated at El Totumo, Colombia, to 4170-4050 BCE; however this date is uncalibrated and the remains are assigned to the Late Glacial. Other remains from Toro, Valle del Cauca are assigned to the Holocene but with no direct date.[16] Remains at El Cautivo, Ecuador were dated to 6810-6650 BCE.[4] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Giant capybara[17] | Neochoerus sp. | Southern United States to Brazil | Found in sites of Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Rondonia, Brazil that date from the Late Pleistocene to early Holocene, but without exact dating.[7] |
Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Candango mouse | Juscelinomys candango | Brasilia, Brazil | Last collected in 1960. Presumed extinct when the area was urbanized.[18] | |
Galápagos giant rat | Megaoryzomys curioi | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | Known from subfossil remains. Possibly extinct by introduced predators like feral dogs, cats, pigs, and black rats.[19] | |
Darwin's Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys darwini | Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands | Last recorded in 1930. Extinct due to competition, pathogens transmitted by, or predation by black rats, house mice, brown rats, and feral cats.[20] | |
Indefatigable Galápagos mouse | Nesoryzomys indefessus | Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands | Last collected in 1934. Extinct due to competition, pathogens transmitted by, or predation by black rats, house mice, brown rats, and feral cats.[21] | |
Vespucci's giant rat | Noronhomys vespuccii | Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil | Only recorded alive by Amerigo Vespucci in 1503; otherwise known from subfossil remains.[22] |
Possibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Zuniga's dark rice rat | Melanomys zunigae | Lomas de Atocongo, near Lima, Peru | Last recorded in 1949. Declined due to habitat degradation caused by goat grazing and mining activity.[23] |
Bats (order Chiroptera)
editLeaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae)
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Giant vampire bat | Desmodus draculae | Eastern South America | Most recent remains in Centinela del Mar, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina dated to 1675-1755 AD.[24] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
South American saber-toothed cat | Smilodon populator | Eastern South America | Most recent remains at Lagoa Santa, Brazil dated to 7330-7030 BCE.[4] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dire wolf | Aenocyon dirus | North America and western South America | Most recent remains at Talara, Peru dated to 7320-6840 BCE; however this date is uncalibrated and the age of the remains could be older. Other late remains from Luján, Argentina were older than the most recent stratigraphical section dated to 9050-8050 BCE.[25] | |
Falkland Islands wolf | Dusicyon australis | Falkland Islands | Exterminated by sheep farmers in 1876.[26] | |
Dusicyon avus | Argentina and Uruguay | Most recent remains in the Pampas dated to 1232-1397, and in southernmost Patagonia to 1454-1626.[27] | ||
Fuegian dog | Lycalopex sp. | Tierra del Fuego and possibly southern Patagonia | Only domestic descendant of the culpeo, bred by the Selk'nam people. Disappeared during the Selk'nam genocide in the early 20th century.[28][29] | |
Protocyon troglodytes | Middle South America[30] to Yucatan[31] | Most recent remains at Toca da Boa Vista, Brazil dated to 20,000-10,000 years ago.[25] |
Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Arctotherium bonariense | Argentina | Recorded from the Middle Pleistocene to the Early Holocene.[32] | |
Arctotherium tarijense | Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Chile | Most recent remains at Cueva de los Chingues, Chile dated to 9310-9210 BCE.[33] | |
Arctotherium wingei | Northeastern South America | Most recent remains at Muaco, Venezuela dated to 7320-6840 BCE. However, this datation is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.[32] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caribbean monk seal | Neomonachus tropicalis | Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico | Last recorded in Venezuela before 1700.[34] The species was hunted for its skin, oil, and to remove competition for fishermen.[35] |
Notoungulates (order Notoungulata)
editToxodonts (family Toxodontidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Toxodon platensis | South America | One tooth found at Abismo Ponta da Flecha, Brazil was dated to 4650-1450 BCE when testing its enamel, and 6050-3450 BCE when testing its dentine.[4] |
Litopterns (order Litopterna)
editMacrauchenids (family Macraucheniidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Macrauchenia patachonica | Southwestern South America | Most recent remains at Centinela del Mar, Argentina dated to 9381-9281 BCE.[36] | |
Xenorhinotherium bahiense | North and east South America | Found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene of Serra do Ramalho, Brazil but without direct datation.[7] |
Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Equus neogeus | South America | Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE.[4] | |
Hippidion saldiasi | Eastern South America | 8059 BCE[37] |
Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hemiauchenia paradoxa | Northern Río de la Plata Basin and central Brazil[38] | Found in Holocene sites of Argentina but without exact dates.[33] | ||
Chilihueque | Population of Lama guanicoe | Central Chile | A third domestic South American camelid recorded by Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries, bred by the Mapuche and different from llamas and vicuñas. DNA analysis of remains from Mocha Island (where camelids were introduced by people) indicates that it was a population of Patagonian guanaco that was managed, or domesticated independently from the llama. It disappeared when indigenous communities switched to sheep and horse farming after colonization.[39] | |
Palaeolama major | Northern and eastern South America | Most recent remains at Toca do Serrote do Artur, Brazil dated to 6660-4880 BCE.[4] |
Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Antifer ultra | Río de la Plata Basin to central Chile | c. 7950 BCE[40] |
Morenelaphus brachyceros | Temperate South America | 8050-5845 BCE[41] |
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Niceforo's pintail Anas georgica niceforoi |
1952[42] | Central Colombia | |
Magdalena tinamou Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius |
1990s[42] | Magdalena River Valley, Colombia | |
Darwin's ground finch Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris |
1835[42] | Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | |
Antioquia brown-banded antpitta Grallaria milleri gilesi |
1878[42] | Santa Helena, Antioquia Department, Colombia | |
Bogotá sunangel Heliantelus zusii |
1909[42] | Northern Andes? | |
Alagoas foliage-gleaner Philydor novaesi |
2011[42] | Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil | |
Colombian grebe Podiceps andinus |
1977[43] | Bogotá wetlands, Colombia | |
San Cristóbal flycatcher Pyrocephalus dubius |
1987[44] | San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | |
Peruvian rail Rallus semiplumbeus peruvianus |
1886[42] | Peruvian highlands and possibly Ecuador | |
Alejandro Selkirk Island firecrown Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi |
1908[42] | Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile |
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Image |
---|---|---|---|
Glaucous macaw Anodorhynchus glaucus |
2001[45] | Border area of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay | |
Letitia's thorntail Discosura letitiae |
1852[42] | Bolivia | |
Turquoise-throated puffleg Eriocnemis godini |
1850[46] | Northern Ecuador | |
Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis |
1939[47] | Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone | |
Sinú parakeet Pyrrhura subandina |
1949[48] | Sinú Valley, Córdoba Department, Colombia |
Common name scientific name |
Extinction date | Range | Reintroduction | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spix's macaw Cyanopsitta spixii |
2000[49] | Sao Francisco River, Bahia, Brazil | ||
Alagoas curassow Mitu mitu |
1988[50] | Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil | 2019[51] |
Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)
editBig-headed turtles (family Podocnemididae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Peltocephalus maturin | Madeira River, Brazil | Only known from a lower jaw dated to 12385-7060 BCE, roughly coinciding with the time when the area was first reached by Paleo-Amerindians.[52] |
Tortoises (family Testudinidae)
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pinta Island tortoise | Chelonoidis niger abingdonii | Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | The last wild individual (Lonesome George) was captured in 1972 and died in Santa Cruz's Tortoise Center in 2012, but hybrid descendants survive in northern Isabela Island. Declined due to hunting and habitat destruction by grazing feral goats.[53] | |
Floreana giant tortoise | Chelonoidis niger niger | Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | Disappeared from the wild in the mid-19th century, though hybrids survive in captivity and in northern Isabela Island. Likely extinct due to hunting and the impact of introduced mammals including pigs, dogs, cats, goats, donkeys, cattle, black rats and house mice.[54] | |
Santa Fe Island tortoise | Chelonoidis niger 'Santa Fe Island' | Santa Fe, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | Undescribed lineage, known from subfossil bones.[55] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Maracay harlequin frog | Atelopus vogli | Güey River, Aragua, Venezuela | Last collected in 1957. Its habitat was destroyed by agriculture.[56] |
Possibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Green and red venter harlequin toad | Atelopus pinangoi | Near Piñango, Mérida, Venezuela | Last recorded in 1997. Declined due to chytridiomycosis, habitat loss caused by logging and ranching, introduced trout, and climate change.[57] |
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Spiny-knee leaf frog | Phrynomedusa fimbriata | Sao Paulo and Paraná states, Brazil | Last collected in the 1950s. Extinct due to air pollution and infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis[58] |
Darwin's frogs (family Rhinodermatidae)
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Chile Darwin's frog | Rhinoderma rufum | Valparaíso and Biobío, Chile | Last recorded in 1981. The cause of decline is unknown but chytridiomycosis has been suggested.[59] |
Rain frogs (family Strabomantidae)
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Aragua robber frog | Pristimantis anotis | Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela | Last collected in 1974. The cause of decline is unknown, though chytridiomycosis is present in the area.[60] |
Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)
editCatfishes (order Siluriformes)
editPencil catfishes (family Trichomycteridae)
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Greasefish | Rhizosomichthys totae | Tota Lake, Colombia | Last collected in 1958. Possibly extinct due to exotic fish introductions (Eremophilus mutisii, Grundulus bogotensis, Carassius auratus, Oncorhynchus mykiss) and chemical pollution caused by agriculture.[61] |
Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)
editPupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae)
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Titicaca orestias | Orestias cuvieri | Lake Titicaca | The causes of decline are unknown.[62] |
Family Pomacentridae
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Galápagos damsel | Azurina eupalama | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | Last recorded during the 1982-83 El Niño event, which warmed the waters it inhabited and killed off the plankton on which it fed.[63] |
Starfishes (class Asteroidea)
editOrder Forcipulatida
editFamily Heliasteridae
editPossibly extinct
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
24-rayed sunstar | Heliaster solaris | Galápagos Islands, Ecuador | Last recorded during the 1982-83 El Niño event.[64] |
Beetles (order Coleoptera)
editPredaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)
editScientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|
Megadytes ducalis | Condeúba, Bahia, Brazil | Only known from individuals collected in the 19th century.[65] | |
Meridiorhantus orbignyi | Argentina and Brazil[66] |
Order Mesostigmata
editFamily Halarachnidae
editCommon name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite | Halarachne americana | Caribbean Sea | Extinct with its host.[67] |
Clitellates (class Clitellata)
editOrder Opisthopora
editFamily Glossoscolecidae
editPossibly extinct
editScientific name | Range | Comments |
---|---|---|
Rhinodrilus fafner | Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil | Only known from the holotype described in 1918.[68] |
Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)
editCommon name scientific name |
Range | Image |
---|---|---|
Littoridina gaudichaudii | Ecuador[69] | |
Megalobulimus cardosoi | Brazil[70] | |
Tomigerus gibberulus | Brazil[71] | |
Tomigerus turbinatus | Brazil[72] |
Common name scientific name |
Range |
---|---|
Aylacostoma chloroticum | Paraná River[73] |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means "before CE 1950". Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
References
edit- ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-04. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ Flores, D. (2016). "Cryptonanus ignitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41320A22177809. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T41320A22177809.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Pavan, S. (2016). "Monodelphis unistriata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T13703A22171555. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T13703A22171555.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Turvey, Sam (2009). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
- ^ Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
- ^ a b c Ghilardi, A. M., Fernandes, M. A., & Bichuette, M. E. (2011). "Megafauna from the Late Pleistocene-Holocene deposits of the Upper Ribeira karst area, southeast Brazil". Quaternary International, 245 (2), 369-378.
- ^ a b c d e f g da Silva, R. C., Berbert-Born, M., Bustamante, D. E. F., Santoro, T. N., Sedor, F., & dos Santos Avilla, L. (2019). "Diversity and preservation of Pleistocene tetrapods from caves of southwestern Bahia, Brazil". Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90, 233-254.
- ^ a b Gutiérrez, M.A. et al. (2010). "Supervivencia diferencial de mamíferos de gran tamaño en la región pampeana en el Holoceno temprano y su relación con aspectos paleobiológicos". In Zooarqueología a principios del siglo XXI: Aportes teóricos, metodológicos y casos de estudio. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires, 231-242.
- ^ Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano). Importancia bioestratigráfica, paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
- ^ Carlini, A. A. (2006) Neuryurus (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae) in the Lujanian (late Pleistocene–early Holocene) of the Pampean region. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh., pp. 78-88.
- ^ Fariña, R. A., Vizcaíno, S. F., & Bargo, M. S. (1998). "Body mass estimations in Lujanian (late Pleistocene-early Holocene of South America) mammal megafauna". Mastozoología Neotropical, 5 (2), 87-108.
- ^ Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016). "The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments". In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
- ^ Martin, Paul S.; Klein, Richard G. (1989). Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03733-4.
- ^ Cruz, L. E., Bargo, M. S., Tonni, E. P., & Figini, A. J. (2010). "Radiocarbon date on megafauna from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Córdoba province, Argentina: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27 (3), 470-476.
- ^ Miño-Boilini, Á. R., & Quiñones, S. I. (2020). "Los perezosos Scelidotheriinae (Xenarthra, Folivora): taxonomía, biocronología y biogeografía". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 22 (2), 201-218.
- ^ Rodríguez-Flórez, C. D., Rodríguez-Flórez, E. L., & Rodríguez, C. A. (2009). "Revisión de la fauna pleistocénica Gomphotheriidae en Colombia y reporte de un caso para el Valle del Cauca. Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos". Museo de Historia Natural, 13 (2), 78-85.
- ^ Fariña, R.A., Vizcaíno, S.F., & De Iuliis, G. (2013) Megafauna: Giant beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press, 435 pages.
- ^ Roach, N. (2019). "Juscelinomys candango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T10946A160756258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T10946A160756258.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Weksler, M.; Tirira, D.G. (2019). "Megaoryzomys curioi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136657A22330270. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136657A22330270.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Tirira, D.G.; Weksler, M. (2019). "Nesoryzomys darwini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14706A22390382. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T14706A22390382.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ Tirira, D.G.; Weksler, M. (2019). "Nesoryzomys indefessus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14708A22390443. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14708A22390443.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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