Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford

Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford, PC, KC (c. 1649 – 22 July 1719) was an English lawyer and statesman.

The Earl of Aylesford
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
In office
6 November 1714 – 12 March 1716
MonarchGeorge I
Preceded byThe Lord Berkeley of Stratton
Succeeded byThe Earl of Scarbrough
Member of Parliament for Oxford University
In office
1701–1703
Preceded bySir Christopher Musgrave, Bt
Sir William Glynne, Bt
Succeeded byWilliam Bromley
Sir William Whitelocke
In office
1689–1698
Preceded byCharles Perrot
George Clarke
Succeeded bySir Christopher Musgrave, Bt
Sir William Glynne, Bt
In office
1679–1679
Preceded byLaurence Hyde
Thomas Thynne
Succeeded bySir Leoline Jenkins
Charles Perrot
Member of Parliament for Guildford
In office
1685–1689
Preceded byRichard Onslow
Morgan Randyll
Succeeded byFoot Onslow
John Weston
Solicitor General
In office
1679–1686
Preceded bySir Francis Winnington
Succeeded bySir Thomas Powys
Personal details
Born1649
Died22 July 1719(1719-07-22) (aged 69–70)
Political partyTory
Spouse
Elizabeth Banks
(m. 1678)
ParentHeneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham
EducationWestminster School
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford
Arms of Finch: Argent, a chevron between three griffins passant sable

Early life

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Finch was second son of Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham and the former Elizabeth Hervey (eldest daughter of Daniel Hervey).[1]

His paternal grandparents were Hon. Sir Heneage Finch, Speaker of the House of Commons (third son of Sir Moyle Finch, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea) and Frances Bell (daughter of Sir Edmond Bell of Beaupré Hall).[1]

He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated on 18 November 1664.

Career

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In 1673, he became a barrister of the Inner Temple; king's counsel and bencher in 1677; and in 1679, during the chancellorship of his father, was appointed Solicitor General, being returned to parliament for Oxford University, and in 1685 for Guildford.[2]

In 1682, he represented the crown in the attack upon the Corporation of London, and next year in the prosecution of Lord Russell, when, according to Gilbert Burnet, and in several other trials afterwards, he showed more of a vicious eloquence in turning matters with some subtlety against the prisoners than of strict or sincere reasoning. He does not, however, appear to have exceeded the duties of prosecutor for the crown as they were then understood. In 1684, in the trial of Algernon Sidney, he argued that the unpublished treatise of the accused was an overt act, and supported the opinion of Jeffreys that scribere est agere (to write is to act). The same year he was counsel for James II in his successful action against Titus Oates for libel, and in 1685 prosecuted Oates for the crown for perjury.[2]

Finch, however, though a Tory and a crown lawyer, was a staunch churchman, and on his refusal in 1686 to defend the royal dispensing power he was summarily dismissed by James. He was the leading counsel in June 1688 for the Seven Bishops, when he strangely exposed and very boldly ran down the dispensing power, but his mistaken tactics were nearly the cause of his clients losing their case.[2]

He sat again for Oxford University in the convention parliament, which constituency he represented in all the following assemblies except that of 1698, until his elevation to the peerage. He was, however, no supporter of the House of Orange, advocated a regency in James's name, and was one of the few who in the House of Commons opposed the famous vote that James had broken the contract between king and people and left the throne vacant. He held no office during William's reign, and is described by John Macky as always a great opposer of the administration.[2]

In 1689, he joined in voting for the reversal of Lord Russell's attainder, and endeavoured to defend his conduct in the trial, but was refused a hearing by the House. He opposed the Triennial Bill of 1692, but in 1696, spoke against the bill of association and test, which was voted for the king's protection, on the ground that though William was to be obeyed as sovereign he could not be acknowledged rightful and lawful king. In 1694, he argued against the crown in the bankers case.[2]

In 1703, he was created Baron Guernsey and a privy councillor, and after the accession of George I in 1714, Earl of Aylesford, being reappointed a privy councillor and made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, which office he retained until February 1716.[2]

Works

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According to John Macky (Memoirs, p. 71; published by Roxburghe Club, 1895) he was accounted one of the greatest orators in England and a good common lawyer; a firm asserter of the prerogative of the crown and jurisdiction of the church; a tall, thin man.[2] He was eloquent, industrious, and judicious, with inflexible integrity.

Many of his legal arguments are printed in State Trials (see esp. viii. 694, 1087, ix. 625, 880, 996, X. 126, 319, 405, 1199, xii. 183, 353, 365). Wood attributes to him on the faith of common rumour the authorship of An Antidote against Poison . . .Remarks upon a Paper printed by Lady (Rachel) Russel (1683), ascribed in State Trials (ix. 710) to Sir Bartholomew Shower; but see the latter's allusion to it on p. 753. In Hist. of His Own Times, i. 556. Swift has appended a note, an arrant rascal, but Finch's great offence with the dean was probably his advancement by George I. rather than his conduct of state trials as here described.[2]

Personal life

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On 16 May 1678, he was married to Elizabeth Banks, daughter and co-heiress of Sir John Banks of Aylesford.[3] Together, Elizabeth and Heneage were the parents of three sons and six daughters, including:[4]

He died on 22 July 1719.[2] Upon his death, his eldest son Heneage succeeded him as 2nd Earl of Aylesford. The 2nd Earl died in 1757, and since this date the earldom has been held by his direct descendants, six of whom in succession have borne the Christian name of Heneage.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Aylesford, Earl of (GB, 1714)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aylesford, Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
  3. ^ Dod, Charles Roger (1856). The Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. Whittaker and Company. p. 615. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  4. ^ "Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford". thepeerage.com. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  5. ^ "Bingley, Baron (GB, 1713 – 1731)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  6. ^ "FINCH, Heneage, Lord Guernsey (?1683-1757)". histparl.ac.uk. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  7. ^ "Dartmouth, Earl of (GB, 1711)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
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Political offices
Preceded by Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
1714–1716
Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Solicitor General
1679–1686
Succeeded by
Parliament of England
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Oxford University
1679
With: John Eddisbury
Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Guildford
1685–1689
With: Richard Onslow
Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Oxford University
1689–1698
With: Sir Thomas Clarges 1689–1695
Sir William Trumbull 1695–1698
Succeeded by
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Oxford University
1701–1703
With: Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bt 1701
William Bromley 1701–1703
Succeeded by
Peerage of Great Britain
New creation Earl of Aylesford
1714–1719
Succeeded by
Peerage of England
New creation Baron Guernsey
1703–1719
Succeeded by