The following tables list the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols used for Jin Chinese (晉語), one of the Sinitic languages. All vocabulary are based on Jin Chinese in Wubu, Shaanxi Province.[1][2]

Initial consonants[i]
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
ɕ x [sã˥˧ ɕjəʔ˧]
f[iii] f [tʰu˦˩˨ ɲjɑo̯˧ fã˨˩˧ ʂəŋ˨˩˧] 土牛
k g [swɛe̯˦˩˨ kwɤ˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩]
k [wɤ˨˩˧ tʰo˧] '
l l [təŋ lɑo̯r]
m m [məŋ˥˧ məŋ˥˧] 夢夢
n n [kəʔ˦ nɑe̯˦˩˨]
ɲ[iv] nz [ɲje˧ sɹ̩˨˩]
ŋ ng [tswɤu̯˥˧ ŋor˨˩]
s s [sã˨˦ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 西
ʂ sh [ʂje˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 西
p b [pəŋ˨˩˧ lɑo̯˧]
p [o˦˩˨ tu˥˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 肚子
t d [twəʔ˧ tã˥˧] 㞘蛋
t [wɑe̯˨˩˧ no˧]
j [so˦˩˨ jəʔ˧ tɛe̯˥˧]
tɕʰ q [tɕʰje˧ ʂɤu̯r˨˩˧] 晌兒
ts z [xwɑe̯˧ tsəʔ˨˩ pɑe̯˨˩˧]
tsʰ c [pɛe̯˥˧ tsʰɑ˨˩˧ ljəʔ˨˩]
zh [lwəŋ˧ ã˥˧]
tʂʰ ch [tʂʰɑo̯˥˧ kwəʔ˧ tsəʔ˨˩] 骨子
x h [xxəʔ˨˩ tɕjã˨˩˧ fã˥˧] 間飯
ʐ[v] r [njã˦˩˨ ʦɛe̯˨˩˧ ʐər˥˧] 眼睛
Final consonants
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
FC Rhyme
-ŋ əŋ eng [səŋ˧ tʂʰɤu̯˨˩] 無常
jəŋ[vi] ieng jəŋ˥˧ xu˨˩]
wəŋ[vii] ueng [kwəŋ˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]
ɥəŋ[viii] yeng [tɕjəʔ˦ kəʔ˨˩˧ ɥəŋ˨˩˧] 腳圪
-r / r [sã˨˩ r˥˧] 山蔓
-ʔ ɑʔ aq [tʰɑʔ˨˩˧ i˨˩˧ ʂɤu̯˧ təʔ˨˩] 衣裳的
əʔ eeq [jã˧ i˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 洋胰
jaʔ[vi] iaq [tɕjo˨˦ tsɹ̩˦˩˨ jɑʔ˧] 鉸指
jəʔ[vi] ieeq [sã˨˩˧ tjəʔ˦ swər˨˩] 水兒
wɑʔ[vii] uaq [swɑʔ˧ jəʔ˧ tɑʔ˧] 一搭
weʔ[vii] ueq [ɕɥe˨˩˧ swəʔ˧]
ɥɑʔ[viii] yaq [sã˨˩ ɥɑʔ˦ pɑr˦˩˨] 板兒
ɥəʔ[viii] yeeq [ɥəʔ˨˩˧ tɕjəŋ˥˧]
Vowels
IPA Pinyin Examples[ii]
ɑ a [tɑ˨˦ po˦˩˨ sɛe̯˨˩˧] 飽聲
ɑ ae [tsɑʔ˧ xɑe̯˥˧]
ɑ ao [tʰɑo̯˥˧]
ã an [nã˦˩˨ tsã˥˧ tɕjəŋ˨˩˧] 囔藏
ɛ e [tsʰɛe̯˨˩˧ xɤu̯˥˧]
ə ee [kəʔ tu]
i i [mi˦˩˨ tʰɤu̯˨˩˧]
jɑ[vi] ia [xɤu̯˨˩ ȵ˧]
jã[vi] ian [xɑ˥˧ n˨˩ kʰəʔ˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 殼子
jɑ[vi] iae [tsʰuɤ˥˧ jɑe̯˨˩˧]
jɑ[vi] iao [ljɑo̯˧ kɑo̯˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩] 溝子
je[vi] ie je˨˦ swɛe̯˨˩]
jo[vi] io [sã˥˧ jo˨˩˧]
jɤ[vi] ioe [l˧ kʰər˨˩] 羹兒
jɤ[vi] ioeu [tɕjəʔ˧ ljɤu̯˧ mje˥˧]
o o [xəʔ˧ lo˦˩˨ fəŋ˨˩˧]
ɹ̩[ix] ii [swa˦˩˨ sɹ̩˨˦ tsəʔ˨˩]
u u [jɤ˨˩˧ pu˥˧]
wɑ[vii] ua [s˦˩˨ mɤ˧ swəʔ˧] 魔術
wã[vii] uan ˨˩ tʂɛe̯˥˧]
wɑ[vii] uae [wɑe̯˥˧ xɑo̯r˨˩] 後兒
wɛ[vii] ue [səʔ˧ wɛe̯˥˧]
wɤ[vii] uoe [pəʔ˧ nje˧ tsʰ˨˩] 不言
wɤ[vii] uoeu [lɑʔ˨˩˧ swɤu̯˨˩˧]
ɤ oe [jəʔ˧ ɤ˧ ʂɑ˧]
ɤ oeu [tã˧ pɤu̯˥˧]
y[x] y [tsʰwəʔ˦ ny˦˩˨]
ɥɑ[viii] ya [tɕʰɥɑ˧ tsəʔ˨˩]
ɥe[viii] ye [nɑe̯˧ ɥe˦˩˨]
Tones
IPA Numeric
contours
Tonal
categories

(sequence)
Examples[ii]
Stand-alone tones
˨˩˧[xi] 213[xi] 陰平 (◌1) [zo˨˩˧ ɲjo˦˩˨ ɲjo˨˩˧]
˧ 33 陽平 (◌2) [lo˦˩˨ i˧ xɤu̯˧] 爺河
˦˩˨ 412 上 (◌3) [lo˦˩˨ pʰɤ˧ tsʰwɛe̯˦˩˨]
˥˧ 53 去 (◌4) [ʂəŋ˥˧ xwər˥˧] 甚會
ʔ˧ ◌ʔ3 陰入 (◌5) [xɑo̯˧ tʂɑʔ˧ tʰɑo̯r˥˧] 頭兒
ʔ˨˩˧ ◌ʔ213 陽入 (◌6) [sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 剝手
Supplementary tonal changes
˨˩[xii] 21[xii] 輕 (◌0) [lɛe̯˨˦ ˨˩]
˨˦ 24 陰平 (◌1)
or上 (◌3)
[tsʰu˨˦ tɕjã˨˩]
ʔ˦ ◌ʔ4 陰入 (◌5)
or 陽入 (◌6)
[sɑʔ˦ pɑʔ˨˩˧ ʂɑo̯˨˩˧] 剝手

Notes

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  1. ^ Zero onsets may be pronounced as [v] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  2. ^ a b c d Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 吴堡方言调查研究 (2014)[2] and 陕西方言集成:榆林卷 (2020).[1]
  3. ^ [f] may be pronounced as [xu-] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  4. ^ In sinological phonetic notation, [ ɲ ] is marked as ⟨ȵ⟩.
  5. ^ [ ʐ ] may be pronounced as [z] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The non-syllabic gliding [j] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [i], as in [iɑ, iã, iaʔ, iɑe̯, iɑo̯, ie, iə, iəʔ, io, iɤ, iɤu̯].
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i The non-syllabic gliding [w] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [u], as in [uã, uɑ, uɑʔ,uɑe̯, ueʔ, uɛe̯, uəŋ, uɤ, uɤu̯].
  8. ^ a b c d e The non-syllabic gliding [ɥ] may be less explicitly transcribed with the syllabic [y], as in [yɑ, yɑʔ, ye, yə, ɥəŋ, yəʔ].
  9. ^ In sinological phonetic notation, [ɹ̩] is marked as ⟨ɿ⟩.
  10. ^ [y] may be pronounced as [ʉ] in some localities of Jin Chinese.
  11. ^ a b Unter certain scenarios, ˨˩˧ (213) is abbreviated to ˨˩ (21) in the beginning of a word. This is not to be confused with the unstressed tone ˨˩ (21) at the end of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.
  12. ^ a b ˨˩ (21) is an unstressed tone (neutral tone). Its contour is mistakenly marked as "0" (no contour) in older literature. Under certain scenarios, any tone at the end of a word could turn into an unstressed tone. This is not to be confused with the tone category 陰平 ˨˩˧ (213), which under certain scenarios is abbreviated to ˨˩ (21) in the beginning of a word. An unstressed tone takes half the time to pronounce.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b 贺雪梅 (2020). "吴堡县篇". In 王建领 (ed.). 陕西方言集成:榆林卷. 商务印书馆. pp. 692–726.
  2. ^ a b c 邢向东; 王兆富 (2014). 吴堡方言调查研究. 中华书局. pp. 61–291.

See also

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