Elastic instability is a form of instability occurring in elastic systems, such as buckling of beams and plates subject to large compressive loads.

Elastic instability of a rigid beam supported by an angular spring.

There are a lot of ways to study this kind of instability. One of them is to use the method of incremental deformations based on superposing a small perturbation on an equilibrium solution.

Single degree of freedom-systems

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Consider as a simple example a rigid beam of length L, hinged in one end and free in the other, and having an angular spring attached to the hinged end. The beam is loaded in the free end by a force F acting in the compressive axial direction of the beam, see the figure to the right.

Moment equilibrium condition

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Assuming a clockwise angular deflection  , the clockwise moment exerted by the force becomes  . The moment equilibrium equation is given by

 

where   is the spring constant of the angular spring (Nm/radian). Assuming   is small enough, implementing the Taylor expansion of the sine function and keeping the two first terms yields

 

which has three solutions, the trivial  , and

 

which is imaginary (i.e. not physical) for   and real otherwise. This implies that for small compressive forces, the only equilibrium state is given by  , while if the force exceeds the value   there is suddenly another mode of deformation possible.

Energy method

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The same result can be obtained by considering energy relations. The energy stored in the angular spring is

 

and the work done by the force is simply the force multiplied by the vertical displacement of the beam end, which is  . Thus,

 

The energy equilibrium condition   now yields   as before (besides from the trivial  ).

Stability of the solutions

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Any solution   is stable iff a small change in the deformation angle   results in a reaction moment trying to restore the original angle of deformation. The net clockwise moment acting on the beam is

 

An infinitesimal clockwise change of the deformation angle   results in a moment

 

which can be rewritten as

 

since   due to the moment equilibrium condition. Now, a solution   is stable iff a clockwise change   results in a negative change of moment   and vice versa. Thus, the condition for stability becomes

 

The solution   is stable only for  , which is expected. By expanding the cosine term in the equation, the approximate stability condition is obtained:

 

for  , which the two other solutions satisfy. Hence, these solutions are stable.

Multiple degrees of freedom-systems

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Elastic instability, 2 degrees of freedom

By attaching another rigid beam to the original system by means of an angular spring a two degrees of freedom-system is obtained. Assume for simplicity that the beam lengths and angular springs are equal. The equilibrium conditions become

 

 

where   and   are the angles of the two beams. Linearizing by assuming these angles are small yields

 

The non-trivial solutions to the system is obtained by finding the roots of the determinant of the system matrix, i.e. for

 

Thus, for the two degrees of freedom-system there are two critical values for the applied force F. These correspond to two different modes of deformation which can be computed from the nullspace of the system matrix. Dividing the equations by   yields

 

For the lower critical force the ratio is positive and the two beams deflect in the same direction while for the higher force they form a "banana" shape. These two states of deformation represent the buckling mode shapes of the system.

See also

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Further reading

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