Dystrophic calcification (DC) is the calcification occurring in degenerated or necrotic tissue, as in hyalinized scars, degenerated foci in leiomyomas, and caseous nodules. This occurs as a reaction to tissue damage,[1] including as a consequence of medical device implantation. Dystrophic calcification can occur even if the amount of calcium in the blood is not elevated, in contrast to metastatic calcification, which is a consequence of a systemic mineral imbalance, including hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia, that leads to calcium deposition in healthy tissues.[2] In dystrophic calcification, basophilic calcium salt deposits aggregate, first in the mitochondria, then progressively throughout the cell.[citation needed] These calcifications are an indication of previous microscopic cell injury, occurring in areas of cell necrosis when activated phosphatases bind calcium ions to phospholipids in the membrane.
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Calcification in dead tissue
edit- Caseous necrosis in T.B. is most common site of dystrophic calcification.
- Liquefactive necrosis in chronic abscesses may get calcified.
- Fat necrosis following acute pancreatitis or traumatic fat necrosis in breasts results in deposition of calcium soaps.
- Infarcts may undergo D.C.
- Thrombi, especially in veins, may produce phleboliths.
- Haematomas in the vicinity of bones may undergo D.C.
- Dead parasites like schistosoma eggs may calcify.
- Congenital toxoplasmosis, CMV or rubella may be seen on X-ray as calcifications in the brain.
Calcification in degenerated tissue
edit- Dense scars may undergo hyaline degeneration and calcification.
- Atheroma in aorta and coronaries frequently undergo calcification.[3][4]
- Cysts can show calcification.
- Calcinosis cutis is condition in which there are irregular nodular deposits of calcium salts in skin and subcutaneous tissue.
- Senile degenerative changes may be accompanied by calcification.
- The inherited disorder pseudoxanthoma elasticum may lead to angioid streaks with calcification of Bruch's membrane, the elastic tissue below the retinal ring.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Cell Injury".
- ^ Elgazzar AH (2011) [Originally published 2004]. "Chapter 8: Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Calcification". Orthopedic Nuclear Medicine. Springer-Verlag. pp. 197–210. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18790-2_8. ISBN 978-3-642-18790-2.
- ^ a b Bertazzo, Sergio; Gentleman, Eileen; Cloyd, Kristy L.; Chester, Adrian H.; Yacoub, Magdi H.; Stevens, Molly M. (Jun 2013). "Nano-analytical electron microscopy reveals fundamental insights into human cardiovascular tissue calcification". Nature Materials. 12 (6): 576–583. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..576B. doi:10.1038/nmat3627. PMC 5833942. PMID 23603848.
- ^ Miller, Jordan D. (Jun 2013). "Cardiovascular calcification: Orbicular origins". Nature Materials. 12 (6): 476–478. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..476M. doi:10.1038/nmat3663. PMID 23695741.