Kalkoti language

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Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa,[3] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Kalkot Tehsil, in the Upper Dir district in Pakistan.[4]

Kalkoti
کلکوٹی / کھلکوٹی / کھعلکوٹی
Pronunciation[kʰælkoːʈ]
Native toPakistan
RegionKalkot Tehsil
Native speakers
6,000 (2018)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xka
Glottologkalk1245

Phonology

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The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.[5]

Vowels

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Front Back
Close ɪ~i(ː) ʊ~u(ː)
Mid
Open ə~æ(ː)~aː ɑ(ː)~ɒ(ː)

Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.[5]

Consonants

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Labial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ (?) ŋ (?)
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ k q ʔ (?)
aspirated ʈʰ (?)
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts
aspirated tʂʰ (?) tʃʰ
voiced
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʂ ʃ x
voiced z ɣ
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɽ (?)
Approximant ʋ j

The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.

Tone

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Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.[5]

References

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  1. ^ Kalkoti at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)  
  2. ^ a b Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Dangari". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-11-06. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  3. ^ Liljegren 2013, p. 129.
  4. ^ Frawley, William (May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
  5. ^ a b c Liljegren 2013, pp. 134–44.

Bibliography

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