1988 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.

Parade order

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As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation South Korea marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (Korean), according with tradition and IOC guidelines. The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul, a traditional Korean alphabet.[1]

Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" ("차이니스 이페이") under 타 ta, while the conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China) entered as "화인민공화국" under 중.

Among the nations with Korean names starting with 이 i, several reorderings occurred because of the hostile relationship between the countries. Hangul alphabetic order would have dictated Iraq → Iran → Israel → Egypt → Italy → India → Indonesia → Japan. Iran was moved three spaces later in the parade while Israel was moved five spaces later (an additional two spaces past Iran), changing the parade order into Iraq → Egypt → Italy → India → Iran → Indonesia → Japan → Israel.

160 nations entered the stadium with a combined total of 8,391 athletes.[2][3] Eight nations made their Olympic debut: Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen. North Korea and its ally Cuba boycotted the games for the second consecutive time, while Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC,[4] allegedly in solidarity with North Korea.[5] Madagascar did not participate due to financial considerations, Nicaragua did not participate due to the ongoing civil war, and South Africa was excluded due to its apartheid policies.[6][5]

Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: seven-time Olympian and Star sailor Hubert Raudaschl (Austria); defending Olympic champions Evelyn Ashford (United States) in the women's 100-metre dash;[7] Jouko Salomaki (Finland) and Vasile Andrei (Romania) in Greco-Roman wrestling; Ernesto Canto (Mexico) in race walking; Agneta Andersson (Sweden) in the women's kayak sprinting; Matija Ljubek in the men's canoe sprinting; and six-time Olympian Reiner Klimke (Federal Republic of Germany), who led the West German team to a gold-medal victory in the equestrian dressage; synchronized swimmers Mikako Kotani (Japan) and Carolyn Waldo (Canada), who eventually topped the podium in both the solo and duet routines; eight-time Olympian and Star sailor Durward Knowles (the Bahamas); eventual gold medalists Ulf Timmermann (German Democratic Republic) in the men's shot put and Aleksandr Karelin (Soviet Union) in the super heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestling; five-time track sprinter and Moscow 1980 champion Pietro Mennea (Italy); long-distance runner Grete Andersen-Waitz (Norway), who bagged a silver medal in the inaugural women's marathon four years earlier; and world-number-three tennis player Gabriela Sabatini (Argentina) in the women's singles.[8]

List

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The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.

Some differences occurred between the official placard displays and the official announcements:

  • A number of designations were abbreviated on the placards, but announced in full.
    • The United States delegation was announced as "the United States of America" and appeared on the placard as "U.S.A.".
    • The Soviet Union delegation was abbreviated in both the announcements and the placard.
  • South Yemen's delegation was announced as "Yemen Democratic Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Dem. Rep. of Yemen".
  • Egypt's delegation was announced as the "Arab Republic of Egypt", but appeared on the placard as "Egypt".
  • The Central African Republic delegation was announced as "Central African Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Central Africa".
  • Côte d'Ivoire's delegation was announced as "Ivory Coast", but appeared on the placard as "Côte d'Ivoire".
  • Congo's delegation was announced as "People's Republic of Congo", but appeared on the placard as "Congo".
  • Fiji's delegation was announced as "Fiji Islands", but appeared on the placard as "Fiji".
The list is sorted by the order in which each nation appears in the parade of nations. This table is sortable by country name (in Korean and its Roman transliteration), the flag bearer's name, and the flag bearer's sport.
Order Nation Hangul Roman transliteration Flag bearer Sport
1   Greece (GRE) 그리스 Geuriseu Babis Kholidis Wrestling
2   Ghana (GHA) 가나 Gana John Myles-Mills Athletics
3   Gabon (GAB) 가봉 Gabong Gisèle Ongollo Athletics
4   Guyana (GUY) 가이아나 Gaiana Alfred Thomas Boxing
5   Gambia (GAM) 감비아 Gambia Dawda Jallow Athletics
6   Guatemala (GUA) 과테말라 Gwatemalla Carlos Silva Shooting
7   Guam (GUM) Gwam Ricardo Blas Judo
8   Grenada (GRN) 그레나다 Geurenada Agnes Griffith Athletics
9   Guinea (GUI) 기니 Gini Ousmane Diallo Wrestling
10   Equatorial Guinea (GEQ) 적도 기니 Jeokdo Gini Manuel Rondo Athletics
11   Nigeria (NGR) 나이지리아 Naijiria Yusuf Alli Athletics
12   Netherlands (NED) 네덜란드 Nedeollandeu Eric Swinkels Shooting
13   Nepal (NEP) 네팔 Nepal Krishna Bahadur Basnet Athletics
14   Norway (NOR) 노르웨이 Noreuwei Grete Andersen-Waitz Athletics
15   Papua New Guinea (PNG) 파푸아뉴기니 Papua-Nyugini Pinye Malaibi Weightlifting
16   New Zealand (NZL) 뉴질랜드 Nyujillandeu Ian Ferguson Canoeing
17   Niger (NIG) 니제르 Nijereu Hassan Karimou Athletics
18   Denmark (DEN) 덴마크 Denmakeu Anne Grethe Jensen Equestrian
19   Dominican Republic (DOM) 도미니카 공화국 Dominika Gonghwaguk Juan Núñez Athletics
20   German Dem. Rep. (GDR) 독일 민주 공화국 Dogil Minju Gonghwaguk Ulf Timmermann Athletics
21   F. R. of Germany (FRG) 독일 연방 공화국 Dogil Yeonbang Gonghwaguk Reiner Klimke Equestrian
22   Laos (LAO) 라오스 Raoseu Sitthixay Sacpraseuth Athletics
23   Liberia (LBR) 라이베리아 Raiberia Samuel Birch Athletics
24   Lebanon (LIB) 레바논 Rebanon Toni Khouri Official
25   Lesotho (LES) 레소토 Resoto Noheku Nteso Athletics
26   Rumania (ROM) 루마니아 Rumania Vasile Andrei Wrestling
27   Luxembourg (LUX) 룩셈부르크 Ruksembureukeu Roland Jacoby Shooting
28   Rwanda (RWA) 르완다 Reuwanda Mathias Ntawulikura Athletics
29   Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (LBA) 리비아 Ribia Said Farouk Al-Turki Athletics
30   Liechtenstein (LIE) 리히텐슈타인 Rihitensyutain Yvonne Elkuch Cycling
31   Malawi (MAW) 말라위 Mallawi George Mambosasa Athletics
32   Malaysia (MAS) 말레이시아 Malleisia Nordin Mohamed Jadi Athletics
33   Mali (MLI) 말리 Malli Mamadou Keita Judo
34   Mexico (MEX) 멕시코 Meksiko Ernesto Canto Athletics
35   Monaco (MON) 모나코 Monako Stéphane Operto Cycling
36   Morocco (MAR) 모로코 Moroko Faouzi Lahbi Athletics
37   Mauritius (MRI) 모리셔스 Morisyeoseu Navind Ramsaran Wrestling
38   Mauritania (MTN) 모리타니 Moritani Oumar Samba Sy Wrestling
39   Mozambique (MOZ) 모잠비크 Mojambikeu Sergio Fafitine Swimming
40   Maldives (MDV) 몰디브 Moldibeu Hussein Haleem Athletics
41   Malta (MLT) 몰타 Molta Joanna Agius Archery
42   Mongolia (MGL) 몽고 Monggo Badmaanyambuugiin Bat-Erdene Judo
43   U.S.A. (USA) 미국 Miguk Evelyn Ashford Athletics
44   Vanuatu (VAN) 바누아투 Banuatu Olivette Daruhi Athletics
45   Bahrain (BRN) 바레인 Barein Ahmed Hamada Jassim Athletics
46   Barbados (BAR) 바베이도스 Babeidoseu Elvis Forde Athletics
47   Bahamas (BAH) 바하마 Bahama Durward Knowles Sailing
48   Bangladesh (BAN) 방글라데시 Banggeulladesi Bazlur Mohamed Rahman Swimming
49   Burma (BIR) 버마 Beoma Latt Zaw Boxing
50   Bermuda (BER) 버뮤다 Beomyuda Clarence Saunders Athletics
51   Virgin Isl. (ISV) 버진 제도 Beojin Jedo Robert Fellner[9] Taekwondo
52   British Virgin Isl. (IVB) 영국령 버진 제도 Yeonggungnyeong Beojin Jedo Willis Todman Athletics
53   Benin (BEN) 베냉 Benaeng Félicite Bada Athletics
54   Venezuela (VEN) 베네수엘라 Benesuella Elizabeth Popper Table tennis
55   Vietnam (VIE) 베트남 Beteunam Nguyễn Đình Minh Athletics
56   Belgium (BEL) 벨기에 Belgie Dirk Crois Rowing
57   Belize (BIZ) 벨리즈 Bellijeu Fitzgerald Joseph Cycling
58   Botswana (BOT) 보츠와나 Bocheuwana Shakes Kubuitsile Boxing
59   Bolivia (BOL) 볼리비아 Bollibia Katerine Moreno Swimming
60   Burkina Faso (BUR) 부르키나파소 Bureukinapaso Sounaila Sagnon Boxing
61   Bhutan (BHU) 부탄 Butan Pema Tshering Archery
62   Bulgaria (BUL) 불가리아 Bulgaria Vasil Etropolski Fencing
63   Brazil (BRA) 브라질 Beurajil Walter Carmona Judo
64   Brunei Darussalam (BRU) 브루나이 Beurunai
65   American Samoa (ASA) 미국령 사모아 Migungnyeong Samoa Maselino Masoe Boxing
66   Western Samoa (SAM) 서사모아 Seo-Samoa Henry Smith Athletics
67   Saudi Arabia (KSA) 사우디아라비아 Saudiarabia Salah Al-Mar Official
68   Cyprus (CYP) 사이프러스 Saipeureoseu Mikhalakis Tymbios Shooting
69   San Marino (SMR) 산마리노 Sanmarino Dominique Canti[10][11] Athletics
70   El Salvador (ESA) 엘살바도르 Elsalbadoreu Gustavo Manzur Wrestling
71   Senegal (SEN) 세네갈 Senegal Amadou Dia Bâ Athletics
72   St. Vincent & the Grenadines (VIN) 세인트빈센트 그레나딘 Seinteubinsenteu Geurenadin Orde Ballantyne Athletics
73   U.S.S.R. (URS) 소련 Soryeon Alexander Karelin Wrestling
74   Somalia (SOM) 소말리아 Somallia Aboukar Hassan Adani Athletics
75   Solomon Isl. (SOL) 솔로몬 제도 Sollomon Jedo Gustave Mansad Chef de mission
76   Sudan (SUD) 수단 Sudan Omer Khalifa Athletics
77   Surinam (SUR) 수리남 Surinam Realdo Jessurun Cycling
78   Sri Lanka (SRI) 스리랑카 Seurirangka Daya Rajasinghe Nadarajasingham Shooting
79   Swaziland (SWZ) 스와질란드 Seuwajillandeu Sizwe Sydney Mdluli Athletics
80   Sweden (SWE) 스웨덴 Seuweden Agneta Andersson Canoeing
81   Switzerland (SUI) 스위스 Seuwiseu Cornelia Bürki Athletics
82   Syria (SYR) 시리아 Siria Hafez El-Hussein Athletics
83   Sierra Leone (SLE) 시에라리온 Sierarion Baba Ibrahim Suma-Keita Athletics
84   Singapore (SIN) 싱가포르 Singgaporeu Ang Peng Siong Swimming
85   United Arab Emirates (UAE) 아랍에미리트 Arap-Emiriteu Sultan Khalifa Cycling
86   Aruba (ARU) 아루바 Aruba Bito Maduro Judo
87   Argentina (ARG) 아르헨티나 Areuhentina Gabriela Sabatini Tennis
88   Iceland (ISL) 아이슬란드 Aiseullandeu Bjarni Friðriksson Judo
89   Haiti (HAI) 아이티 Aiti Deborah Saint Phard Athletics
90   Ireland (IRL) 아일랜드 Aillaendeu Wayne McCullough Boxing
91   Afghanistan (AFG) 아프가니스탄 Apeuganiseutan Mohammad Razigul Wrestling
92   Andorra (AND) 안도라 Andora Josep Graells Athletics
93   Antigua (ANT) 안티과 Antigwa Jocelyn Joseph Athletics
94   Netherlands Antilles (AHO) 네덜란드령 안틸레스 Nedeollandeuryeong Antilleseu Jan Boersma Sailing
95   Algeria (ALG) 알제리 Aljeri Noureddine Tadjine Athletics
96   Angola (ANG) 앙골라 Anggolla João N'Tyamba Athletics
97   Spain (ESP) 에스파냐 Eseupanya Infanta Cristina Sailing
98   Ecuador (ECU) 에콰도르 Ekwadoreu Liliana Chalá Athletics
99   Great Britain (GBR) 영국 Yeongguk Ian C.B. Taylor Field hockey
100   Dem. Rep. of Yemen (YMD) 예멘 민주 공화국 Yemen Minju Gonghwaguk Sahim Saleh Mehdi Athletics
101   Yemen Arab Rep. (YAR) 예멘 아랍 공화국 Yemen Arap Gonghwaguk Abdullah Al-Shamsi Wrestling
102   Oman (OMA) 오만 Oman Abdul Latif Al-Bulushi Shooting
103   Australia (AUS) 오스트레일리아 Oseuteureillia Ric Charlesworth Field hockey
104   Austria (AUT) 오스트리아 Oseuteuria Hubert Raudaschl Sailing
105   Honduras (HON) 온두라스 Onduraseu Santiago Fonseca Athletics
106   Jordan (JOR) 요르단 Yoreudan Muneir Al-Masri Wrestling
107   Uganda (UGA) 우간다 Uganda Patrick Lihanda Boxing
108   Uruguay (URU) 우루과이 Urugwai Jesús Posse Rowing
109   Yugoslavia (YUG) 유고슬라비아 Yugoseullabia Matija Ljubek Canoeing
110   Iraq (IRQ) 이라크 Irakeu Abdul Wahab Ali Table tennis
111   Egypt (EGY) 이집트 Ijipteu Mohamed Khorshed Shooting
112   Italy (ITA) 이탈리아 Itallia Pietro Mennea Athletics
113   India (IND) 인도 Indo Kartar Dhillon Singh Wrestling
114   Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) 이란 Iran Mohamed Reza Tupchi Wrestling
115   Indonesia (INA) 인도네시아 Indonesia Tonny Maringgi Table tennis
116   Japan (JPN) 일본 Ilbon Mikako Kotani Synchronized swimming
117   Israel (ISR) 이스라엘 Iseura'el Itzhak Yonassi Shooting
118   Jamaica (JAM) 자메이카 Jameika Merlene Ottey Athletics
119   Zaire (ZAI) 자이르 Jaireu Dikanda Diba Athletics
120   Zambia (ZAM) 잠비아 Jambia Samuel Matete Athletics
121   Central Africa (CAF) 중앙아프리카 Jung'ang-Apeurika Fidèle Mohinga Boxing
122   P. R. of China (CHN) 중화 인민 공화국 Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk Song Tao Basketball
123   Djibouti (DJI) 지부티 Jibuti Hussein Ahmed Salah Athletics
124   Zimbabwe (ZIM) 짐바브웨 Jimbabeuwe James Gombedza Athletics
125   Chad (CHA) 차드 Chadeu Paul Ngadjadoum Athletics
126   Czechoslovakia (TCH) 체코슬로바키아 Chekoseullobakia Imrich Bugár Athletics
127   Chile (CHI) 칠레 Chille Gert Weil Athletics
128   Cameroon (CMR) 카메룬 Kamerun Frédéric Ebong-Salle Athletics
129   Qatar (QAT) 카타르 Katareu Mohamed Al-Kaabi Sailing
130   Canada (CAN) 캐나다 Kaenada Carolyn Waldo Synchronized swimming
131   Kenya (KEN) 케냐 Kenya Patrick Waweru Boxing
132   Cayman Isl. (CAY) 케이맨 제도 Keiman Jedo Alfred Ebanks Cycling
133   Costa Rica (CRC) 코스타리카 Koseutarika Sigrid Niehaus Swimming
134   Cote D'Ivoire (CIV) 코트디부아르 Koteudibuareu Clement N'Goran Tennis
135   Colombia (COL) 콜롬비아 Kollombia Jorge Molina Shooting
136   Congo (CGO) 콩고 Konggo Jean-Didiace Bémou Athletics
137   Kuwait (KUW) 쿠웨이트 Kuweiteu Jasem Al-Dowaila Athletics
138   Cook Islands (COK) 쿡 제도 Kuk Jedo William Taramai Athletics
139   Chinese Taipei (TPE) 차이니스 타이페이 Chainiseu Taipei Lee Fu-an Athletics
140   Thailand (THA) 타이 Tai Somchai Chanthavanich Shooting
141   Tanzania (TAN) 탄자니아 Tanjania Ikaji Salum Athletics
142   Turkey (TUR) 터키 Teoki Necmi Gençalp Wrestling
143   Togo (TOG) 토고 Togo Akossi Gnalo Athletics
144   Tonga (TGA) 통가 Tongga Siololovau Ikavuka Athletics
145   Tunisia (TUN) 튀니지 Twiniji Sofiane Ben Letaief Table tennis
146   Trinidad and Tobago (TRI) 트리니다드 토바고 Teurinidadeu Tobago Ian Morris Athletics
147   Panama (PAN) 파나마 Panama Manuel Gutiérrez Swimming
148   Paraguay (PAR) 파라과이 Paragwai Ramón Jiménez Gaona Athletics
149   Pakistan (PAK) 파키스탄 Pakiseutan Nasir Ali Field hockey
150   Peru (PER) 페루 Peru Rodrigo Ranguna Official
151   Portugal (POR) 포르투갈 Poreutugal João Rebelo Shooting
152   Poland (POL) 폴란드 Pollandeu Bogdan Daras Wrestling
153   Puerto Rico (PUR) 푸에르토리코 Puereutoriko Jesús Feliciano Baseball
154   France (FRA) 프랑스 Peurangseu Philippe Riboud Fencing
155   Fiji (FIJ) 피지 Piji Sharon Pickering Swimming
156   Finland (FIN) 핀란드 Pillandeu Jouko Salomäki Wrestling
157   Philippines (PHI) 필리핀 Pillipin Joseph Eric Buhain Swimming
158   Hungary (HUN) 헝가리 Heonggari István Vaskuti Canoeing
159   Hong Kong (HKG) 홍콩 Hongkong Liu Fuk Man Table tennis
160   Korea (KOR) 대한민국 Daehan Minguk Cho Yong-chul Judo

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Technical Manual on Ceremonies" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. November 2005. p. 40. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  2. ^ "Seoul 1988". olympic.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  3. ^ Seoul surprises Nagoya for Olympic bid, UPI (United Press International), Morley Myers, Sept. 30, 1981.
  4. ^ John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-313-28477-9.
  5. ^ a b "Seoul Olympics 1988". Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  6. ^ Janofsky, Michael (16 January 1988). "Cubans turn their back on the Seoul Olympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  7. ^ Dodds, Tracy (17 September 1988). "Day 1: The Seoul Games: Enthusiasm Hasn't Flagged; In Her Third Games, Ashford Excited to Be Front and Center at Opening Ceremony". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  8. ^ "#UnitedBy energy: Gabriela Sabatini". International Olympic Committee. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  9. ^ "Robert Fellner". olympedia.org. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  10. ^ "Flagbearers for 1988 Summer Olympics". olympedia.org. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  11. ^ San Marino. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed 6 January 2024.